Oxford Revise AQA GCSE Combined Science Foundation | Chapter B9 answers

B9: Non-communicable diseases

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

not caused by a pathogen

cannot be spread between organisms

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.5

01.2

alcohol – liver disease

smoking – lung cancer

UV radiation – skin cancer

award 2 marks for all boxes matched correctly

award 1 mark for 1 box correctly matched

2

AO1

4.2.2.6

01.3

Human papilloma virus (HPV) – cervical cancer

immune system defects – further infections

severe physical ill health – depression

award 2 marks for all 3 boxes matched

award 1 mark for 1 or 2 boxes correctly matched

2

AO1

4.2.2.5

02.1

a small mesh tube that is inserted into the blood vessel to keep it open

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

02.2

benefit

  • long-term success rate is high
  • lowers the risk of the patient having a heart attack

risk

  • can result in an irregular heartbeat

patient needs to take blood thinning drugs

award 2 marks for all 4 correct statements

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

02.3

high fat diet / lack of exercise

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

03.1

any disease of the heart or blood vessels

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

MS 1c

03.2

22%

1

AO2

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

MS 1c

03.3

33 000

accept 0.22 × 150 000 for 1 mark

2

AO2

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

03.4

any three suggestion + explanation from:

  • eat fewer fatty foods
    • which would reduce the build-up of cholesterol which would lead to blocked arteries
  • ensure energy input in food matches daily energy consumption / maintain a healthy weight
    • to prevent excess food being stored as fat
  • (if obese) exercise more / consume less food / energy than daily requirement
    • to lose excess weight
  • stop smoking / do not smoke

as smoking narrows blood vessels / damages artery lining / increases risk of clot formation / increases blood pressure

to award six marks, answers should include three lifestyle factors with three linked explanations.

accept other acceptable answers with linked explanations

6

AO1

4.2.2.6

04.1

liver

brain

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

04.2

positive correlation

1

AO2

4.2.2.6

04.3

2.6 (x greater risk)

1

AO2

4.2.2.6

04.4

non-communicable

because the disease cannot be transmitted / not caused by a pathogen

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.1

more

correlation

tar

causal mechanism

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.2

carcinogen

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.3

nicotine – increases heart rate

carbon monoxide – less oxygen transported

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

06.1

to prevent back flow of blood

from left ventricle (into left atrium)

1

1

A02

4.2.2.2

06.2

less blood leaves the heart than normal

blood coming into heart chamber mixes with blood that has not left, making the heart less efficient

1

1

A01

4.2.2.4

06.3

Advantages: one from:

  • the valve will last longer
  • will require fewer additional surgical procedures in the future
  • not made from an animal product which some people may object to on ethical grounds
  • less chance of rejection as not using tissue from another organism

Disadvantages: one from:

  • patient has to take medication permanently
  • anti-coagulation drugs may have side-effects

some people may be allergic to titanium

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.4

07.1

a correlation means there is a link between a factor and a disease (however the risk factor does not necessarily cause the disease).

causation means that an increase in the risk factor results in an increase in the incidence of the disease.

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

07.2

age / genes / biological sex

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

07.3

a disease caused by cell division/growth of cells/cell multiplication/mitosis

that is out of control/abnormal/uncontrolled.

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

07.4

UV light in sun causes changes in DNA / mutations

(if not corrected by body) this can lead to uncontrolled cell division

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

07.5

benign tumours are usually contained within a membrane

don’t invade nearby tissue / can’t spread (not cancerous)

don’t form secondary tumours

accept converse answer

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

08.1

21.3 (kg/m2)

\(\textrm{accept }\frac{48}{1.52}\textrm{ for 1 mark}\)

2

A02

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.2

healthy weight

1

A02

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.3

any two from:

  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • risk of high blood pressure / build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries
  • increased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • increased the risk of certain cancers

increased strain on joints

2

AO1

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.4

greater level of exercise (in population) means more energy expended than previously

any one from:

  • reduces the number of people for whom energy intake is greater than energy required
  • fewer people would become obese in future
  • larger number of people for whom energy required is greater than energy intake

excess fat will be used to supply energy so these (obese) people would lose weight

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

09.1

fatty

narrow

reduces

less

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

09.2

poor diet / genetics / medication

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

09.3

statins

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

10.1

add Biuret reagent

changes from blue to purple (if protein present)

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

10.2

too large / insoluble

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

10.3

enzyme had been denatured

enzyme’s protein structure changed / active site altered

lactase can no longer bind to lactose to break it down

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

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