Oxford Revise Oxford Revise AQA GCSE Combined Science Foundation

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

A – cell wall

B – cell membrane

C – cytoplasm

D – chloroplast

E – vacuole

F – nucleus

1

1

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.1.1.2

01.2

chloroplast

1

AO1

4.1.1.2

01.3

control the cell / contain genetic material

1

AO1

4.1.1.1

01.4

cell wall

1

AO2

4.1.1.2

02.1

nucleus – both

cell wall – plant only

cytoplasm – both

vacuole – plant only

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.2

02.2

nucleus – contains genetic material and controls the cell

mitochondria – where respiration occurs

chloroplast – where photosynthesis occurs

vacuole – contains cell sap to keep the cell firm

cell membrane – controls what comes in and out of a cell

4 marks for all correct

3 marks for three correct

2 marks for two correct

1 mark for one correct

4

AO1

4.1.1.1

02.3

(electron / light) microscope

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

03.1

A cell that is adapted / has special features to perform a particular function

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

03.2

To contract (and relax)

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

03.3

Any one from:

• Digestive system
• to squeeze food along the gut
• In the heart
• so heart can contract to pump blood around the body

Answer should include a muscle location, with a description of their role in that location

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

03.4

Mitochondria is where respiration occurs

Respiration releases energy for muscles to contract

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

03.5

Contain proteins / actin and myosin

That slide over one another to cause the cell to contract

Or

Store glycogen

Which can be broken down (into glucose) and used for respiration

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

04.1

wear gloves / wash hands / disinfect work surfaces / dispose of used swabs

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

04.2

nucleus

1

AO2

4.1.1.2

04.3

makes nucleus / subcellular structures more visible

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

04.4

use a higher power objective lens

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

05.1

functions

nerve

impulses

sperm

muscle

movement

1

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

05.2

differentiation

1

AO1

4.1.1.4

05.3

root hair cell / xylem / phloem / palisade cell

Accept other plant specialised cell

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

06.1

cell wall

cytoplasm

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.1

4.1.1.2

06.2

to provide movement

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

06.3

Any one from:

• bacteria has no nucleus / presence of plasmid / no vacuole
• bacterial cell is much smaller

Accept reverse argument

1

AO2

4.1.1.1

4.1.1.2

06.4

bacterial cell

as no nucleus is present / presence of plasmid

Reason required for mark

1

AO1

4.1.1.2

07.1

plant

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

07.2

to absorb water

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

07.3

large

maximise

chloroplasts

unable

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

08.1

Level 3: Valid method described that would lead to clear observation of cheek cells. Appropriate apparatus given either as a list of named within the method.

5–6

AO1

4.1.1.5

Level 2: Appropriate method given that would lead to observation of cheek cells OR incomplete attempt at a valid method provided and some equipment named.

3–4

Level 1: An incomplete attempt at valid method given.

1–2

No Relevant content

0

Indicative content

• apparatus: Cotton swab, a microscope slide, tweezers, a coverslip, mounted needle, a microscope, stain (such as methylene blue)
• Wipe inside of the cheek with a cotton swab
• Smear cotton swab on the centre of the microscope slide
• Add a drop of stain
• Carefully lower a coverslip onto the slide.
• Use filter paper to soak up any liquid from around the edge of the coverslip.
• Put the slide on the microscope stage at its highest setting
• Choose the lowest powered objective lens
• Carefully lower slide using focusing knob until the cells come into focus
• For more detail repeat with higher power objective lens

08.2

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Allow additional label to mitochondria

1

1

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

4.1.1.2

08.3

Magnification used

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

08.4

The smallest object which can be viewed under a microscope

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

08.5

By using an electron microscope

1

09.1

microscope with scale

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

09.2

1 mm

1

AO2

4.1.1.1

09.3

125 µm

1

AO3

4.1.1.1

09.4

ignore when calculating a mean / repeat the measurement

1

AO3

4.1.1.1

10.1

A

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

4.1.1.2

10.2

Where protein synthesis takes place / proteins are made

1

AO1

4.1.1.2

10.3

Mitochondria

1

AO2

4.1.1.2

10.4

• Apparatus: Plant, a knife or scalpel, a microscope slide, tweezers, a coverslip, mounted needle, a microscope, stain (such as iodine)
• Place on slide
• Add a drop of stain
• Carefully lower a coverslip onto the slide. (Use a piece of filter paper to soak up any liquid from around the edge of the coverslip.)
• Put the slide on the microscope stage at its highest setting
• Choose the lowest powered objective lens
• Lower slide using focusing knob until the cells come into focus
• (For more detail repeat with higher objective lens.)

1 mark for apparatus

Maximum of 5 marks for valid method

6

AO1

4.1.1.2

4.1.1.5

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

concentration of sugar solution

1

AO2

4.1.3.2

01.2

Volume of sugar solution

Mass of potato at start

1

1

AO2

4.1.3.2

01.3

–0.7 (g)

Accept +0.7 (g) for 1 mark

2

AO2

4.1.3.2

MS3a

01.4

all points correctly plotted

linear line of best fit

2

AO2 × 1

AO3 × 1

4.1.3.2

MS 4c

01.5

3%

Allow error carried forward from 01.4

1

AO3

4.1.3.2

MS 4a

02.1

spreading out

liquid

high

low

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

02.2

Cell membrane

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

02.3

Higher temperature

Larger surface area

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

02.4

Water

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

03.1

Oxygen / carbon dioxide

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

03.2

Lots of alveoli (air sacs) – increase surface area

Air sacs have thin walls – short diffusion distance

Good blood supply – maintain concentration gradient

1 mark for one correctly matched statement

2 marks for all statements matched correctly

2

AO1

4.1.3.1

03.3

Small intestine / gills in fish

Accept other correct suggestion

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

04.1

Active transport – requires energy

Active transport – moves substances against the concentration gradient

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.3

04.2

Movement of mineral ions into plant roots

1

AO1

4.1.3.3

04.3

Movement of carbon dioxide into a leaf

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

05.1

16.7%

Accept (3.5 – 3.0) / 3.0 or 0.5 / 3.0 for one mark

2

AO2

4.1.3.2

MS 1C

05.2

No

Mass increased, so water moved into potato chip / water cannot have been lost

1

1

AO3

4.1.3.2

05.3

Mass would decrease

As water would be lost / water would move out of the chip by osmosis

1

1

AO3

4.1.3.2

06.1

Mitochondria

1

AO1

4.1.1.2

06.2

The greater the rate of respiration, the greater the rate of active transport

1

AO3

4.1.3.3

06.3

For the uptake of minerals (from the soil)

(Active transport needed) as the concentration of minerals in the plant is (likely to be) higher than the concentration in the soil

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.3

07.1

Carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs – diffusion

mineral ions in the soil into root hair cells – active transport

Water across a cell membrane – osmosis

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

4.1.3.2

4.1.3.3

07.2

Arrow pointing from left to right anywhere on the diagram

1

AO2

4.1.3.1

07.3

Diagram showing same number of particles either side of the membrane

1

AO2

4.1.3.1

08

Level 3: Valid method given that includes details of how the data should be used to determine the sucrose concentration.

5–6

AO1

4.1.3.2

Level 2: Valid method given but no attempt at describing how the data should be used to determine the sucrose concentration.

3–4

Level 1: An incomplete attempt at a valid method given.

1–2

No Relevant content

0

Indicative content

• Cut identical sized diameter pieces of each apple using the potato borer
• Cut apple samples to an identical / named length
• Check mass of samples using balance
• Adjust mass so all are identical by trimming sample(s) using scalpel. Note starting mass value.
• Add fixed volume distilled water to first test tube (and place in rack)
• Using measuring cylinder, add same volume of each concentration of sucrose solution to other test tubes (and place in rack)
• Place apple sample in each test tube.
• Leave for fixed time (e.g. 1 hour)
• Dry apple samples
• Re-take mass of each sample
• Calculate percentage change in mass for each sample
• Plot sucrose concentration (x-axis) v percentage change in mass (y-axis)
• Sucrose concentration determined from where graph crosses x-axis

09.1

Movement of water from a high concentration / concentrated solution to a low concentration / dilute solution

through a partially permeable membrane

1

AO1

4.1.3.2

09.2

C

Greatest difference in salt concentrations

1

1

AO2

4.1.3.2

09.3

Any two from:

• Long hollow tubes
• made up of dead cells
• Lignin in the cell walls
• makes vessels very strong / able to withstand water pressure

2

AO1

4.1.1.3

10.1

The movement of oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream – Diffusion

The movement of mineral ions from the soil into a plant root system – Active transport

The movement of water into a plant cell – Osmosis

Accept one or two answers correct for one mark

2

AO1

4.1.3.1

4.1.3.2

4.1.3.3

10.2

many

energy

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.3

10.3

Glucose concentration higher in bloodstream than in the intestinal cells

Glucose needs to be moved against concentration gradient

which requires energy

1

1

1

AO1

AO2

4.1.3.3

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

process by which cells divide to produce two identical cells

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

01.2

C

B

A

D

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO2

4.1.2.2

01.3

Any two from:

• Cell membrane divides
• Cytoplasm divides
• Cell divides to form two cells

2

AO2

4.1.2.2

02.1

undifferentiated

differentiation

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.3

02.2

They could replace faulty cells / (differentiate into cells that could) produce insulin.

1

AO3

4.1.2.3

02.3

Adult stem cells:

• found in bone marrow
• can produce a few cell types in the body

Embryonic stem cells:

• can produce all cell types in the body
• found in embryos

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.3

02.4

No risk / less risk of rejection / some people may not agree with using transplanted material

1

AO3

4.1.2.3

02.5

Risk of infection / ethical or religious objection / no track record of success as a treatment

Accept other reasonable suggestions

1

AO3

4.1.2.3

03.1

Gene – A section of DNA which codes for a characteristic

DNA – The chemical that makes up genetic material

Chromosome – A long strand of DNA

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for all correct

2

AO1

4.1.2.1

03.2

gene

chromosome

nucleus

cell

1 mark for one structure in the correct order

2 mark for two structures in the correct order

3 marks for all structures in the correct order

3

AO1

4.1.2.1

03.3

chromosomes

1

AO1

4.1.2.1

04.1

Stage 2

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

04.2

Stage 1

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

04.3

ribosomes

mitochondria

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

05.1

A – nucleus

B – chromosome

C – gene

1

1

1

AO2

4.1.2.1

05.2

nucleus

DNA

chromosomes

genes

characteristic

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.1

05.3

two

1

AO1

4.1.2.1

06.1

growth / repair

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

06.2

(1 – DNA replicates)

2 – Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

3 – One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell

4 – Two nuclei are formed

5 – Cell membrane divides

6 – Two identical cells are formed

1 mark for one sentence in the correct order

2 marks for two sentences in the correct order

3 marks for three sentences in the correct order

4 marks for all in the correct order

4

AO1

4.1.2.2

06.3

Mitosis

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

07.1

Stage

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

07.2

40 mm

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

MS 3d

07.3

Light:

• lower magnification
• can observe living organisms

Electron:

• greater magnification
• can only observe dead organisms

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.1.5

07.4

Daphnia would be damaged / killed by using electron microscope

1

AO2

4.1.1.5

08.1

DNA

Chromosome

genes

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.1

08.2

Specialised cells make different parts of the body.

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

4.1.1.4

08.3

DNA replicates / two copies of the chromosomes form

one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell

the nucleus divides

cytoplasm and/or cell membrane divide

Full marks can be awarded from a series of labelled diagrams

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.2.2

09.1

Meristem

1

AO1

4.1.2.3

09.2

C

1

AO2

4.1.2.3

09.3

DNA replication → mitosis → elongation → differentiation

1

AO1

4.1.2.3

4.1.1.4

09.4

Animal stem cells

• Differentiation occurs at a very early stage
• Differentiations produced are permanent

Plant stem cells

• Differentiation occurs throughout life
• Differentiation can be reversed or changed

1 mark for two answers correct

2 marks for all correct

2

AO1

1.2.3

1.1.4

10.1

Meristems contain undifferentiated cells

1

AO1

1.2.3

10.2

It produces genetically identical offspring / genetic material in the offspring derives from the parent plant only

1

AO1

1.2.3

10.3

Any two from:

• Quicker
• Cheaper
• Plants can be transported over a large area / reproduced in a different area
• Advantageous characteristics can be maintained

2

AO2

1.2.3

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

Increases (to a maximum at 1.5 s)

Then returns / decreases to the original volume

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.2

01.2

0.5 (dm³)

1

AO2

4.2.2.2

01.3

5.00 + 0.5

= 5.5 (dm³)

Accept error carried forward from 01.1

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.2

01.4

One cycle = 3 s

Cycles per minute = 60/3

= 20 (cycles)

1

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.2

01.5

Rib cage moves up and out

Diaphragm contracts and moves down

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

02.1

Lipids / fats

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

02.2

Iodine

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

02.3

Avoid getting on skin / wear gloves / wear safety goggles

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

02.4

No

No

Yes

1

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

03.1

B

1

AO2

4.2.2.2

03.2

Any one from:

• Thick walls containing muscles – to withstand high (blood) pressure
• Elastic fibres – to allow wall to stretch as (high pressure) blood passes through / to recoil / return to shape after blood (pulse / flow) passes

1 mark for feature

1 mark for explanation linked to the feature stated

2

AO1

4.2.2.2

03.3

Pulmonary artery

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

03.4

Any one from:

• takes blood from the heart to the lungs
• transports deoxygenated blood towards lungs
• transports blood that has provided oxygen to body cells

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

03.5

Any two from:

• To provide cell with oxygen / glucose
• To remove waste products / carbon dioxide / other named waste product
• To enable respiration to take place

2

AO1

4.2.2.2

04.1

Left top: trachea

Left bottom: lungs

Right top: bronchiole

Right bottom: alveolus

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.2

04.2

Ribcage

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

04.3

Any two from:

• rich blood supply
• thin walls
• spherical shape
• large surface area

2

AO1

4.2.2.2

04.4

Any three from:

• (Intercostal) muscles between ribs contract
• Ribs move up and out
• Diaphragm moves down
• Chest cavity / lung volume increases
• Pressure in the chest cavity / lung decreases

3

AO1

4.2.2.2

05.1

an organ system

1

AO1

4.2.1

05.2

A – Liver

C – Small intestine

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

05.3

Organ D

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

05.4

muscular tissue – churns the food and digestive juices of the stomach together

glandular tissue – produces the digestive juices

epithelial tissue – covers the inside and outside of the stomach

1 mark for one correct match

2 marks for all correctly matched

2

AO1

4.2.2.1

06

Level 3: Detailed description of the test for all four food groups given that includes named reagents and the positive result.

5–6

AO2

4.2.2.1

Level 2: Description of the test for all four food groups given but named reagents or positive results not provided.

OR

Description with named reagents and positive result provided for at least two of the food groups.

3–4

Level 1: Description of test given for at least one food group, but no named reagents or positive results given.

1–2

No Relevant content

0

Indicative content

• Place the food sample into each of the four test tubes.
• Add a few drops distilled water.
• Add a few drops of iodine to one sample.
• If colour change yellow-orange to blue-black starch is present.
• Add a few drops of Benedict’s solution.
• Heat tube in water bath (at >60).
• If colour change blue to brick-red sugar is present / or green if only a small amount of reducing sugars are present.
• Add a few drops of Biuret reagent.
• If colour change blue to purple protein is present.
• Add a few drops of ethanol (and shake).
• If cloudy layer forms fats are present.

07.1

cell – building blocks of life

organism – group of organ systems working together

tissue – group of similar cells working together

organ – group of tissues working together to perform a function

organ system – group of organs working together to perform a function

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for three correct

4 marks for all correct

4

AO1

4.2.1

07.2

to transport materials around the body in the blood

1

AO1

4.2.1

07.3

liver

stomach

1

1

AO1

4.2.1

08.1

B

1

AO2

4.2.2.3

08.2

red blood cells – transport oxygen

white blood cells – fight disease

plasma – transports blood cells

platelets – clot the blood

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO1

4.2.2.3

08.3

It is a group of similar cells working together

1

AO2

4.2.2.3

08.4

Any one from:

• No nucleus
• biconcave shape
• contain haemoglobin

1

AO1

4.2.2.3

09.1

sperm / egg

brain / heart / uterus

blood

nervous system

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.1

09.2

tissue

organ

organ system

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for all correct

2

AO1

4.2.1

09.3

A group of similar cells working together

1

AO1

4.2.1

10.1

C

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

10.2

A – vena cava

B – aorta

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

10.3

Valve

Prevents blood flowing backwards into the (right) atrium

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

10.4

One transport system carries blood from the heart to the lungs (and back) to allow gas exchange

The second system transports blood around the body to enable cells to respire / to transport oxygen / glucose / other materials

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.2

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

carbohydrase – carbohydrates

protease – proteins

lipase – lipids

1 mark for one or two correct

2 marks for all correct

2

AO1

4.2.2.1

01.2

glucose

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

01.3

speeds up a reaction / does not get used up itself

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

02.1

catalysts

increase

specific

active

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

02.2

A

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

02.3

any one from:

• pH
• enzyme concentration
• substrate concentration

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

03.1

fatty acids and glycerol

both needed for the mark

1

AO1

2.2.1

03.2

pancreas or small intestine

1

AO1

2.2.1

03.3

temperature

1

AO2

2.2.1

03.4

so they both were at the correct temperature / temperature being investigated

1

AO2

2.2.1

03.5

as temperature increased (until 35°C) rate of reaction increased / time taken to break down the lipid decreased

1

AO3

2.2.1

03.6

any two from:

• no substrate/lipid was broken down
• lipase/enzyme denatured
• structure changed so it could no longer bind to lipid / lipid could not fit in active site

2

AO3

AO2

2.2.1

04.1

between 10°C and 30°C, as temperature increases the rate of reaction increases

the enzyme does not catalyse the reaction at 60°C

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

04.2

37°C

1

AO3

MS4a

4.2.2.1

04.3

stop

denatured

active

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

05.1

proteins

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

05.2

to form proteins/enzymes/hormones/antibodies/structural tissue

accept other sensible roles of amino acids

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

05.3

2.2

1

AO3

MS4a

4.2.2.1

05.4

stomach

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

05.5

stomach has low pH, as does the enzyme / optimum pH for enzyme in acidic conditions/low pH

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

06

Indicative content for method:

1 using the measuring cylinder, add fixed volume (e.g. 5 cm³) of starch solution to each test tube

2 using the pipette, alter pH of starch solutions by adding fixed volume (e.g. 1 cm³) of a different pH buffer solution to each tube

3 add one drop of iodine solution to each point on the spotting tile

4 using a pipette, add fixed volume (e.g. 1 cm³) carbohydrase solution to the first tube and stir/mix.

5 start stopwatch

6 using glass rod, remove a droplet of starchcarbohydrase mixture and add to the iodine solution

7 repeat this step every minute until iodine solution does not turn blue-black

8 record time value

9 repeat for all pH values being investigated

Safety precautions:

• wear goggles
• ensure glassware is kept in centre of workspace
• use test-tube rack to hold test tubes

Control variables:

• solutions at same temperature (check with thermometer)
• use same volume of starch/carbohydrase/pH buffer in each tube
• use same concentration of starch/carbohydrase/pH buffer in each tube

award up to 4 marks for description of a valid method to determine the time taken for amylase to digest starch, including correct identification and use of apparatus

award 1 mark for correctly identifying at least two control variables

award 1 mark for identifying at least one relevant safety precaution

6

AO2

AO3

4.2.2.1

07.1

enzyme

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

07.2

orange to blue-black

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

07.3

points plotted to ±1 mm

smooth curve plotted through points

award 2 marks if all points plotted correctly, award 1 mark for 3 or 4 plotted correctly

2

1

AO2

AO3

4.2.2.1

07.4

pH 7

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

08.1

fatty acids and glycerol

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

08.2

pancreas

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

08.3

lock

specific

active

protein

lipid

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

09.1

lipase

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

09.2

0.04

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

09.3

the enzyme/lipase is denatured (at this temperature) / the active site has changed shape

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

10.1

single-celled organisms have a large surface-area-to-volume ratio

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

4.2.2.2

10.2

any four from:

• diaphragm contracts / flattens
• intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage up and out
• volume of chest cavity increases
• pressure inside chest cavity decreases
• external / atmospheric air pressure greater (causing air to move into the lungs)

4

AO1

4.2.2.2

10.3

spherical shape gives large surface area to maximise area for diffusion

thin walls allow a shorter diffusion distance

good blood supply maintains large diffusion gradient

1

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.1

4.2.2.2

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

to compare with no petroleum jelly

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

01.2

balance

do not accept scales

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

01.3

2.8 – 0.7 = 2.1 g

1

AO2

MS3a

4.2.3.2

01.4

more water is lost from the lower surface than the upper surface

water is lost from both surfaces

1

1

AO3

4.2.3.2

01.5

(more) stomata are found on the lower surface

1

AO3

4.2.3.2

02.1

plant

leaf / flower

spongy mesophyll

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.3.1

02.2

meristem tissue – contains rapidly dividing cells for growth

xylem – transports water around the plant

phloem – carries dissolved food around the plant

one mark for one or two correct

two marks for all correct

2

AO1

4.2.3.1

02.3

chloroplasts

1

AO1

4.2.3.1

02.4

it contains different types of tissues (working together) / named tissues

1

AO2

4.2.3.1

03.1

palisade mesophyll

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

03.2

contains chloroplasts

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

4.2.3.2

03.3

osmosis

from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential

1

1

AO1

4.1.3.2

4.2.3.2

03.4

Level 3: all three layers described

5–6

AO1

4.1.1.3

4.2.3

Level 2: two layers described

3–4

Level 1: one layer described

1–2

No Relevant content

0

Indicative content

Any six from:

Top of leaf:

• (tightly packed) palisade cells
• contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• upper cells protected by epidermis
• waxy surface reduces water loss from upper surface

Middle of leaf:

• spongy mesophyll cells
• have large air spaces / surface area to maximise gas exchange
• xylem supplies water for photosynthesis
• phloem transports dissolved sugars from photosynthesis to plant

Lower part of leaf:

• stomata open and close through action of guard cells
• let carbon dioxide diffuse in
• allow oxygen / water vapour to diffuse out

04.1

Place several strips of (nail) varnish on the leaf/several leaves and allow to dry

Peel the varnish off the leaf and place on a microscope slide

Observe the strip of varnish (under a set magnification) and count stomata in the field of view

1

1

1

AO2

2.3.2

04.2

= 38 (2 s.f.)

Calculation of mean

Two significant figures

1

1

AO2

2.3.2

MS 2a, b

04.3

Upper surface is exposed to the sun / greater heat

Which would cause greater rate of evaporation if stomata on top side

Accept converse

1

1

AO1

2.3.2

05.1

sugars

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

05.2

one mark for each correct row

4

AO1

4.2.3.2

05.3

translocation

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

06.1

from top:

upper epidermis

palisade mesophyll

spongy mesophyll

lower epidermis

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.3.1

06.2

carries out most photosynthesis in the leaf: palisade mesophyll

contains the stomata: lower epidermis

contains air spaces: spongy mesophyll

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.3.1

06.3

stomata

1

AO1

4.2.3.1

07.1

the rate of water loss from the leaves of a plant

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

07.2

potometer

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

07.3

one mark for each correct row

4

AO1

4.2.3.2

08.1

large surface area available – to speed up movement of water into cell by osmosis

many mitochondria – to transfer energy needed for active transport into the cell

1

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

08.2

(Process) Y

active transport / concentration of mineral ions is usually lower in soil than in plant cells

one mark for name of process

one mark for explanation

1

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

08.3

xylem

1

AO1

4.1.1.3

4.2.3.2

08.4

any one from:

• magnesium needed for chlorophyll manufacture
• nitrates to produce amino acids/proteins

both mineral and use required for mark

accept other correctly named mineral and its use

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

09.1

stoma labelled (gap between cells on the lower surface of the leaf)

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

09.2

when less water is available the guard cells close

this reduces rate of diffusion of water vapour out of leaf / plant loses less water through transpiration

accept converse argument

1

1

AO1

4.2.3.2

09.3

39 µm

accept range 33 – 45 µm

(250 / (value between 5.5 and 7.5 mm))

1

AO2

4.2.3.2

MS1d

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.2

caused by a pathogen

can be spread between organisms

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.1

01.3

tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) / rose black spot

accept other named plant communicable disease

1

AO1

4.3.1.1

02.1

award one mark for each correct row

3

AO1

4.3.1.1

02.2

measles

HIV

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

02.3

protist

1

AO1

4.3.1.5

02.4

mosquito

1

AO1

4.3.1.5

03.1

raw meat – cook thoroughly

sneezing – wear mask to cover nose and mouth

contaminated water – use sterilising tablets before consuming

open wounds – cover with a dressing

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO2

4.3.1.1

03.2

bacteria

viruses

2

AO1

4.3.1.1

03.3

students in close contact / students exposed to many other students

1

AO3

4.3.1.1

04.1

measles – virus

salmonella – bacteria

rose black spot – fungus

malaria – protist

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO1

4.3.1.2

4.3.1.3

4.3.1.4

4.3.1.5

04.2

fever / red rash

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

04.3

droplet infection

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

04.4

14.4 × 66 = 950.4

1

AO2

4.3.1.2

MS1c

04.5

1204 – 14.4 = 1189.6

1

AO2

AO3

4.3.1.2

MS1c

05.1

communicable

protist

mosquitoes

high

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.5

05.2

insect nets placed over beds: prevents mosquito biting / prevents contact with person

spraying buildings with insecticides: kills mosquitos

anti-malarial drugs: kills protist

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.5

05.3

less access to healthcare/sanitation

accept other reasonable suggestion

1

AO3

4.3.1.5

06.1

bacteria

1

AO1

4.3.1.1

06.2

can be passed between organisms/people

1

AO1

4.3.1.1

06.3

vaccinate livestock to prevent infection

cook meat thoroughly before consumption

accept other reasonable suggestion

2

AO2

4.3.1.3

06.4

any two from:

• fever
• abdominal cramps
• vomiting
• diarrhoea

2

AO1

4.3.1.3

07.1

fungus

1

AO1

4.3.1.4

07.2

any two from:

• Purple / black spots on leaves
• Leaves yellow
• Leaves drop early

2

AO1

4.3.1.4

07.3

less chlorophyll present

this reduces photosynthesis (in chloroplasts)

less glucose for respiration

2

AO1

4.3.1.4

07.4

any two from:

• use fungicides
• use disinfectant on tools/area around plant/on footwear
• remove infected leaves/plants

2

AO1

4.3.1.4

08.1

caused by a microorganism/pathogen

spread between organisms/plants

1

1

A01

4.3.1.1

08.2

discoloured

chlorophyll

photosynthesis

growth

4

A01

4.3.1.2

08.3

any two from:

• use chemicals / disinfectant on tools
• use pesticides / insecticides
• burning of crop
• removal of soil around infected plants

2

AO3

4.3.1.2

09.1

tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) discolouration of leaves

gonorrhoea yellow or green discharge from sexual organs

rose black spot purple or black spots on leaves

Salmonella fever, vomiting, diarrhoea

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO1

4.3.1.2

4.3.1.3

4.3.1.4

4.3.1.5

09.2

HIV

gonorrhoea

condoms

barrier

accept other correctly named STD for either / both of the first two marks

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

4.3.1.3

09.3

send infected children home

prevent visitors from coming into the school

wash surfaces down with disinfectant

3

AO3

4.3.1.1

10.1

fungus

AO1

4.3.1.4

10.2

fungicide

AO1

4.3.1.4

10.3

antibiotics are only used to treat bacterial infections

rose black spot is caused by a fungus so antibiotic do not work

1

1

AO2

4.3.1.3

4.3.1.4

11.1

A – oesophagus

B – stomach

C – small intestine

D – large intestine

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

11.2

small intestine

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

11.3

to produce enzymes

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

12.1

1 µm

1

AO1

4.1.1.1

12.2

plant cell walls contain cellulose

or bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan

accept converse arguments

1

AO1

4.1.1.1

12.3

flagellum / flagella

1

AO1

4.1.1.1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

1964

1

AO2

MS4a

4.3.1.7

01.2

380 000

1

AO2

MS4a

4.3.1.7

01.3

virus

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

4.3.1.7

01.4

1968

1

AO3

4.3.1.7

02.1

group of cells working together

1

AO2

4.2.1

02.2

to produce mucus/secretions/sticky fluid

1

AO3

4.3.1.6

02.3

cilium

any two from:

• waft/move mucus
• which contains trapped pathogens/microorganisms/dust particles
• away from the lungs / towards the throat

1

2

AO2

4.3.1.6

02.4

any two from:

• platelets in blood
• cause a mesh of fibres/protein strands to form over the wound
• red blood cells get trapped (in mesh)
• clot dries to form a scab

credit references to fibrinogen being converted into fibrin

2

AO1

4.3.1.6

03.1

small dose on healthy volunteers – to check for side effects

cells – to find if the drug is toxic

large numbers of patients – to determine the optimum dose

small number of patients – to prove the drug is effective

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO1

4.3.1.9

03.2

risk of bias

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

03.3

two sets of volunteers

one group given placebo, other given drug

neither patient nor doctor knows which patients are given which treatment

accept multiple sets of volunteers

accept groups are given different drugs

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.9

03.4

any one from:

• all patients have access to a course of treatment / so the patient is not denied an existing treatment
• unethical to deny a patient an existing treatment which would benefit others but not the patient
• to be able to compare the effectiveness of the new treatment over the existing treatment

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

04.1

pathogen

antibodies

destroy

immune

4

AO1

4.3.1.7

04.2

They are dead or weakened forms of the pathogen

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

04.3

any one from:

• temperature
• muscle pain
• swelling
• headaches

accept other reasonable side effect

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

05.1

Alexander Fleming

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.2

mould

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.3

measles is a viral infection

antibiotics only kill bacteria / cannot destroy viruses

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.4

antibiotics kill specific strains/species of bacteria

more than one type of antibiotic is needed to be able to treat all bacterial infections

accept references to drug resistance

accept other alternatives such as penicillin allergy

1

1

AO2

4.3.1.8

06.1

mucus production in trachea

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

06.2

cut skin – forms a scab to prevent pathogen

nose – internal hairs act as a barrier to pathogen entry

stomach – contains acid to kill pathogens

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

06.3

immune system

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

07.1

antibiotic

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

07.2

(6) → 1 → 5→ 7 → 2→ 4 → (3)

4 marks for full correct sequence

3 marks for three or four correct sentence positions

2 marks for two correct sentence positions

1 mark for one correct sentence position

4

AO1

4.3.1.9

07.3

any one from:

• mould
• plants
• micro-organisms

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

07.4

a placebo is used

neither the patient nor doctor know who receives the placebo and who receives the trial drug

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.9

08.1

it is a virus

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.2

willow tree

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.3

aspirin will treat symptoms of measles

so the child will feel better while the aspirin is acting

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.4

any four from:

• dead/inactive/weakened pathogen introduced to the body
• recognised as being foreign by white blood cells / triggers an immune response
• white blood cells respond produce antibodies
• antibodies are specific to pathogen
• antibodies produced quickly (on reinfection) / rapid response
• antibodies produced in larger quantities
• killing the pathogen

4

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.5

the level of infection will increase in the population

as more children will be infected/carry/transfer the disease

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.1

aspirin or paracetamol

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.2

penicillin or amoxicillin

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.3

digitalis

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

4.3.1.9

09.4

symptoms

better

pathogens

cure

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

10.1

dead/weakened (tetanus) bacteria

accept tetanus/bacterial antigens

1

AO2

4.3.1.7

10.2

fewer people will get the disease because they are immune

fewer people are carriers of the disease so fewer people will be exposed to the disease

accept correct reference to herd immunity

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

10.3

any three from:

• vaccination triggers an immune response (to a specific pathogen)
• each pathogen has a specific antigen
• white blood cells produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen
• this provides immunity only against that particular pathogen/antigen

3

AO2

4.3.1.7

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

not caused by a pathogen

cannot be spread between organisms

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.5

01.2

alcohol – liver disease

smoking – lung cancer

UV radiation – skin cancer

award 2 marks for all boxes matched correctly

award 1 mark for 1 box correctly matched

2

AO1

4.2.2.6

01.3

Human papilloma virus (HPV) – cervical cancer

immune system defects – further infections

severe physical ill health – depression

award 2 marks for all 3 boxes matched

award 1 mark for 1 or 2 boxes correctly matched

2

AO1

4.2.2.5

02.1

a small mesh tube that is inserted into the blood vessel to keep it open

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

02.2

benefit

• long-term success rate is high
• lowers the risk of the patient having a heart attack

risk

• can result in an irregular heartbeat

patient needs to take blood thinning drugs

award 2 marks for all 4 correct statements

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

02.3

high fat diet / lack of exercise

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

03.1

any disease of the heart or blood vessels

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

MS 1c

03.2

22%

1

AO2

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

MS 1c

03.3

33 000

accept 0.22 × 150 000 for 1 mark

2

AO2

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

03.4

any three suggestion + explanation from:

• eat fewer fatty foods
• which would reduce the build-up of cholesterol which would lead to blocked arteries
• ensure energy input in food matches daily energy consumption / maintain a healthy weight
• to prevent excess food being stored as fat
• (if obese) exercise more / consume less food / energy than daily requirement
• to lose excess weight
• stop smoking / do not smoke

as smoking narrows blood vessels / damages artery lining / increases risk of clot formation / increases blood pressure

to award six marks, answers should include three lifestyle factors with three linked explanations.

accept other acceptable answers with linked explanations

6

AO1

4.2.2.6

04.1

liver

brain

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

04.2

positive correlation

1

AO2

4.2.2.6

04.3

2.6 (x greater risk)

1

AO2

4.2.2.6

04.4

non-communicable

because the disease cannot be transmitted / not caused by a pathogen

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.1

more

correlation

tar

causal mechanism

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.2

carcinogen

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

05.3

nicotine – increases heart rate

carbon monoxide – less oxygen transported

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

06.1

to prevent back flow of blood

from left ventricle (into left atrium)

1

1

A02

4.2.2.2

06.2

less blood leaves the heart than normal

blood coming into heart chamber mixes with blood that has not left, making the heart less efficient

1

1

A01

4.2.2.4

06.3

Advantages: one from:

• the valve will last longer
• will require fewer additional surgical procedures in the future
• not made from an animal product which some people may object to on ethical grounds
• less chance of rejection as not using tissue from another organism

Disadvantages: one from:

• patient has to take medication permanently
• anti-coagulation drugs may have side-effects

some people may be allergic to titanium

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.4

07.1

a correlation means there is a link between a factor and a disease (however the risk factor does not necessarily cause the disease).

causation means that an increase in the risk factor results in an increase in the incidence of the disease.

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

07.2

age / genes / biological sex

1

AO1

4.2.2.6

07.3

a disease caused by cell division/growth of cells/cell multiplication/mitosis

that is out of control/abnormal/uncontrolled.

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

07.4

UV light in sun causes changes in DNA / mutations

(if not corrected by body) this can lead to uncontrolled cell division

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

07.5

benign tumours are usually contained within a membrane

don’t invade nearby tissue / can’t spread (not cancerous)

don’t form secondary tumours

accept converse answer

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.7

08.1

21.3 (kg/m²)

2

A02

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.2

healthy weight

1

A02

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.3

any two from:

• increased risk of cardiovascular disease
• risk of high blood pressure / build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries
• increased risk of type 2 diabetes
• increased the risk of certain cancers

increased strain on joints

2

AO1

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

08.4

greater level of exercise (in population) means more energy expended than previously

any one from:

• reduces the number of people for whom energy intake is greater than energy required
• fewer people would become obese in future
• larger number of people for whom energy required is greater than energy intake

excess fat will be used to supply energy so these (obese) people would lose weight

1

1

AO3

4.2.2.5

4.2.2.6

09.1

fatty

narrow

reduces

less

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

09.2

poor diet / genetics / medication

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

09.3

statins

1

AO1

4.2.2.4

10.1

add Biuret reagent

changes from blue to purple (if protein present)

1

1

AO1

4.2.2.1

10.2

too large / insoluble

1

AO3

4.2.2.1

10.3

enzyme had been denatured

enzyme’s protein structure changed / active site altered

lactase can no longer bind to lactose to break it down

1

1

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

stoma

1

AO2

4.2.3.1

4.4.1.1

01.2

to prevent water loss

1

AO2

4.2.3.1

4.4.1.1

01.3

either

leaves are broad

large surface area for light to fall on

or

palisade cells contain many chloroplasts / chloroplasts contain chlorophyll

to maximise light absorption

to gain full marks students must state one features with linked explanation

2

AO1

4.4.1.2

01.4

either:

guard cells open and close stomata

to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

or

air spaces in leaf

allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells

or

leaves are thin

diffusion distance for carbon dioxide is short

to gain full marks students must state one feature with linked explanations

2

AO1

4.4.1.2

02.1

D

1

AO2

4.4.2.1

02.2

carbon dioxide and water

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

02.3

any one from:

• movement
• keeping warm

to build larger molecules

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

02.4

anaerobic respiration

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

02.5

any one from:

• more energy is transferred per glucose molecule
• no lactic acid is made

build-up of lactic acid can cause muscle fatigue

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

03.1

light intensity / distance from light source

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

03.2

provide carbon dioxide / to ensure carbon dioxide is not a limiting factor

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

03.3

collect gas in a syringe / upturned test tube

add a glowing splint – it will relight / Add a burning splint – it will burn more brightly

1

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

03.4

data points plotted accurately

correct line of best fit drawn

all points gains 2 marks, 2 or 3 points gains 1 mark

allow a tolerance of ± 1 small square

2

1

AO3

4.4.1.2

MS 4c

03.5

as light intensity decreases / distance from source increases the rate of photosynthesis decreases

1

AO3

4.4.1.2

03.6

accept value between 5 and 6 bubbles per minute

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

MS 4a

03.7

bubbles were different sizes / easy to miss

accept any reasonable suggestion

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

03.8

collect gas given off and measure volume collected per unit time

1

AO3

4.4.1.2

04.1

more rapidly

faster

increases

deeply

oxygen

5

AO1

4.4.2.2

04.2

exercise / jogging caused the heart rates of all students tested to increase

the time taken for the students’ heat rates to return to normal was variable

1

1

AO3

4.4.2.2

04.3

Student B

1

AO2

4.4.2.2

04.4

either

student A

smallest increase in heart rate

or

student E

heart rate returned quickest to normal

one mark for the identified student, and one mark for the linked explanation

no marks if the explanation does not match the student identified

2

AO3

4.4.2.2

05.1

to release energy to the cells / provide cells with energy

to use in chemical reactions (needed to maintain life)

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

05.2

no

yes

no

ethanol

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

05.3

• anaerobic respiration in yeast produced ethanol
  • used in alcohol production / named alcoholic product
• anaerobic respiration in yeast produces carbon dioxide

used to make bread rise

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

06.1

water

• oxygen

answers must be in the correct order

1

1

AO1

4.4.1.1

06.2

chloroplast

1

AO1

4.4.1.1

06.3

endothermic

1

AO1

4.4.1.1

06.4

stomata

1

AO1

4.4.1.1

07.1

light intensity: Increase rate of photosynthesis

nutrient availability: No change to rate of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide availability: Decrease rate of photosynthesis

chlorophyll level: Increase rate of photosynthesis

award one mark for each correct row in the table

4

AO1

4.4.1.2

07.2

C

1

AO2

4.4.1.2

07.3

any two from:

• used for respiration
• converted into starch (for storage)
• used to produce fat or oil (for storage)
• used to produce cellulose (for cell walls)

used to produce amino acids (for proteins)

2

AO1

4.4.1.3

08.1

oxygen

water

answers must be in the correct order

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

08.2

aerobic respiration is an exothermic reaction

aerobic respiration transfers more energy per glucose molecule than anaerobic respiration

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

08.3

mitochondria

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

09.1

sum of all the reactions which take place inside a cell / organism

1

AO1

4.4.2.3

09.2

respiration releases the energy needed for reactions to occur

respiration required to maintain body temperature

so enzyme-controlled reactions occur efficiently

1

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.3

09.3

fatty acids

glycerol

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.3

09.4

both storage molecules

converted back into glucose when energy is needed

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.3

10.1

for example:

circulatory system – transports materials around the body in the body

nervous system – transmits impulse around the body

reproductive system – produces offspring

award one mark for a named organ system and one mark for linked description

accept any other correct system not listed

2

AO1

4.2.1

10.2

H

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

10.3

absorb nutrients

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

10.4

any one from:

• provides optimum conditions for (protease) enzymes to work
• speeds up protein digestion
• kills microorganisms

1

AO2

4.2.2.1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

distance the ruler fell

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

01.2

any one from:

• drop the ruler from the same height each time
• let the ruler drop without using any force
• use same ruler each time
• thumb should be same distance from the ruler at the start

carry out the experiment with the lower arm resting in the same way on the table

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

01.3

0.39 / result 3, left hand

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

01.4

0.25

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

MS2b, 2f

01.5

the mean for the left hand results was quicker than the mean for the right hand results

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

01.6

there is very little difference between the left and right handed results / a very small sample was used

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

02.1

the regulation of internal conditions in response to external or internal changes

1

AO1

4.5.1

02.2

blood glucose concentration

body water concentration

1

1

AO1

4.5.1

02.3

nervous

automatic

receptors

coordination centres

effectors

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.5.1

03.1

independent variable – number of times stimulus was repeated

dependent variable – reaction time

control variable – Use the same computer key

two marks for all 3 boxes correct

one mark for 1 or 2 boxes correct

2

AO2

4.5.2.1

03.2

repeat number 7 (0.45)

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

03.3

distraction

accept any other sensible suggestion

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

03.4

the more times the experiment is repeated the faster the person’s response time / a person’s reaction time to a situation can improve with learning

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

04.1

maintenance of a constant internal environment

1

AO1

4.5.1

04.2

pH

temperature

allow enzyme concentration / substrate concentration for a max of 1 mark

2

AO1

4.5.1

4.2.2.1

04.3

occur without thought / conscious activity

1

AO1

4.5.1

04.4

any six from;

• consist of receptors, co-ordination centres and effectors
• receptors detect stimuli
• example for receptor stated such as light / sound / temperature / pressure / other named receptor
• co-ordination centre processes information
• co-ordination centre named – brain / spinal cord / pancreas / other named control centre
• effectors bring about a change
• named effector – muscle /gland

response described – muscle contracts / gland secretes hormone

6

AO1

4.5.1

05.1

a stimulus

a receptor

an impulse

The brain

an effector

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.5.2.1

05.2

muscle

gland

1

1

AO1

4.5.2.1

05.3

relay neurone – transmits impulses within the CNS

motor neurone – transmits impulses between the CNS and effectors

sensory neurone – transmits impulses between receptors and the CNS

two marks for all 3 correct. Award one mark for 1 correct

2

AO1

4.5.2.1

05.4

synapse

1

AO1

4.5.2.1

06.1

blinking

coughing

1

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

06.2

rapid

automatic

1

1

AO1

4.5.2.1

06.3

B

D

C

A

three marks for all four correct sentence positions

two marks for two or three correct sentence positions

one mark for one correct sentence position

3

AO2

4.5.2.1

07.1

blood glucose concentration

body temperature

1

1

AO1

4.5.1

07.2

receptors – detect changes in the environment

effectors – bring about responses

coordination centres – receive and processes information

two marks for all 3 correct. Award one mark for 1 correct

2

AO1

4.5.1

07.3

brain / spinal cord / pancreas

1

AO1

4.5.1

08.1

whether caffeine has been drunk or not

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

08.2

height ruler was dropped from / rest hand on table / don’t apply a force when dropping the ruler / amount of caffeine taken

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

08.3

speeds up

decreases

1

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

08.4

repeat investigation / use a larger sample size

accept any sensible suggestion

1

AO3

4.5.2.1

09.1

stimulus

1

AO2

4.5.1

4.5.2.1

09.2

brain

1

AO2

4.5.1

4.5.2.1

09.3

driver would have reacted faster to the insect

responded with a reflex action

the conscious part of the brain was not involved / impulse relayed via CNS

1

1

1

AO2

4.5.2.1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

A – pituitary gland

B – thyroid gland

C – adrenal gland

D – pancreas

E – ovary

1

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.5.3.1

01.2

adrenal gland

1

AO1

4.5.3.1

01.3

thyroxine

1

AO1

4.5.3.1

01.4

(pituitary gland) secretes (several) hormones into the blood (in response to a stimulus)

these stimulate other glands

these glands release hormones which have the desired effect

3

AO1

4.5.3.1

02.1

contraceptive pill

progesterone implant

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.5

02.2

spermicidal agents – kill sperm

surgical sterilisation – prevents sperm entering the semen

condom – physical barrier which prevents sperm meeting an egg

oral contraceptive – prevents eggs being released from the ovary

three marks for all 4 boxes matched

two marks for 2 or 3 boxes correctly matched

one mark for 1 correct box

3

AO1

4.5.3.5

02.3

prevents STIs / spread of disease

1

AO1

4.5.3.5

03.1

any non-hormonal contraceptive, e.g.:

• condom
• copper IUD

diaphragm

1

AO1

03.2

ovary

1

AO1

03.3

oestrogen inhibits FSH

this stops the egg maturing/FSH is needed for eggs to mature

1

1

04.1

respiration

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

04.2

clockwise, from top box:

insulin

glycogen

fall

rise

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

04.3

diabetes

allow Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

05.1

gland – produces and secretes hormones

target organ – organ that a particular hormone acts on

hormone – chemical released by a gland

two marks for 3 boxes matched

one mark for 1 or 2 correct matched boxes

2

AO1

4.5.3.1

05.2

blood

1

AO1

4.5.3.1

05.3

slower

longer

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.1

06.1

insulin

1

AO2

4.5.3.2

06.2

any four from:

• chocolate bar contains sugar
• absorbed into blood stream
• blood glucose / sucrose levels rise
• insulin secreted to cause glucose to be converted to glycogen
• stored in liver

reducing blood glucose levels / sugar levels to normal

4

AO2

4.5.3.2

06.3

a constant supply of glucose is needed for respiration

to provide energy for all body process / tissue function / otherwise could pass out / die

high levels can damage blood vessels / other named condition

3

AO1

4.5.3.2

07.1

one mark for each correct row

4

AO1

4.5.3.4

07.2

testosterone

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

07.3

testes

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

08.1

stimulus

1

AO1

4.5.1

4.5.2.1

4.5.3.1

08.2

adrenaline

1

AO1

4.5.3.7

08.3

similarities

• both send signals / transmit information around the body
• both cause a change in another part of the body
• both the endocrine system and the nervous systems receive information from sensory receptors

differences

• electrical signals in nerves move more quickly / hormones travel more slowly
• hormones are involved with slower, long-term change whereas nerves bring about immediate / rapid responses

hormones move in the blood whereas nerve signals pass along neurons

6

AO1

4.5.1

4.5.2.1

4.5.3.1

09.1

ovary

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

09.2

breasts develop / fat deposited on hips / ovaries start to release eggs

do not allow growth spurt / growth of underarm or pubic hair

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

09.3

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – causes an egg to mature in the ovary

luteinising hormone (LH) – causes egg to be released from the ovary

progesterone – maintains the lining of the uterus

for all three correct answers award 2 marks, for one correct award 1 mark

2

AO1

4.5.3.4

09.4

IUD

1

AO2

4.5.3.5

09.5

any two from:

• does not offer protection against STIs
• possible health risks with use of hormones
• some religious beliefs do not allow the use of contraception

may prefer abstinence until they want to try to get pregnant

accept any other appropriate suggestions

2

AO3

4.5.3.5

10.1

pancreas does not produce enough insulin

condition usually identified during childhood

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

10.2

obesity

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

10.3

insulin

fall

carbohydrate

more

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.2

11.1

LH

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

11.2

oestrogen

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

11.3

a rise in oestrogen causes the lining to thicken / develop

rise in progesterone causes thickness to be retained

a decrease in progesterone causes lining to be shed / lost

1

1

1

AO1

4.5.3.4

11.4

remains high

so the lining would not be shed

1

1

AO3

4.5.3.4

11.5

any named hormonal contraceptive e.g.:

• contraceptive pill
• implant

hormonal IUD/coil

1

AO1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

D

B

A

E

C

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for three or four correct

4 marks for all correct

4

AO2

4.6.2.3

01.2

greater mass of tomatoes produced – more profit produced

more fruit produced per plant – less land required to produce same number of tomatoes

sweeter tomatoes more in demand – higher price can be charged per tomato

2

AO3

4.6.2.3

01.3

disease resistance / pest resistance

because a natural resistance would prevent plants dying / plants would stay healthy, leading to high yield

1

1

AO3

4.6.2.3

02.1

All three bars plotted to the correct height

award one mark for one bar plotted to the correct height

2

AO2

4.6.2.1

Ms 4a

02.2

140 ≤ h < 160

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

MS 2f

02.3

both

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

02.4

for a person to reach their potential (inherited) height, they must eat an appropriate diet / receive adequate nutrition

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

03.1

new genes introduced / DNA modified

to give desired traits

1

1

AO1

4.6.2.4

03.2

4 marks for all correct

3 marks for 3 correct

2 marks for 2 correct

1 mark for 1 correct

4

03.3

one from:

quicker (than selective breeding) / only takes one generation

can be sure of trait becoming present in crop

1

AO2

4.6.2.4

04.1

differences in the characteristics of individuals within a population

1

AO1

4.6.2.1

04.2

fur colour / eye colour

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

04.3

size / height / body mass

puppies have the potential to grow to a certain size, but their size is also affected by how much they eat

1

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

04.4

one from:

raised likelihood of genetically inherited disorders/defects/health problems

reduction in genetic diversity

increased chance of inbreeding

1

AO1

4.6.2.3

05.1

species

offspring

variation

genes

environment

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.6.2.1

05.2

award one mark for each correct row

4

AO2

4.6.2.1

05.3

the child will inherit genes / genetic material / characteristics from both the mother and the father

Accept the child will receive a mixture of genes / genetic material from the mother and the father

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

06.1

genes

a different

reproduces

offspring

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.6.2.4

06.2

it can occur in one generation

it targets single genes

1

1

AO1

4.6.2.4

06.3

insulin producing bacteria / frost resistant tomatoes / disease resistant plants / pest resistant crops

accept any appropriate genetically engineered organisms

1

AO1

4.6.2.4

06.4

may cause allergies / health problems / may cross-breed with wild plants

do not accept unethical

1

AO3

4.6.2.4

07.1

breeding plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

1

AO1

4.6.2.3

07.2

selective breeding decreases variation in a population

1

AO1

4.6.2.3

07.3

bigger grains/seed

accept more grains/seeds

1

AO2

4.6.2.3

07.4

plants with larger grains selected

cross pollinated / bred

seeds collected and offspring grown

process repeated over many generations

allow ecf

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.6.2.3

08.1

3.8–5.2 (cm)

Both figures required for the mark

Do not accept 1.4 cm

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

Ms 3a

08.2

5.5 (cm)

1

AO2

4.6.2.1

Ms 2a, 2f

08.3

larger

more

photosynthesis

1

1

1

AO3

4.6.2.1

08.4

both

1

AO3

4.6.2.1

09.1

cows – high milk production

sheep – thick coats

domestic dogs – gentle nature

rose – sweet smelling

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two or three correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO2

4.6.2.3

09.2

identifying parents with desired characteristics

repeating the breeding process for many generations

1

1

AO1

4.6.2.3

09.3

health problems / increased chance of inherited disease

Accept named health problem such as breathing difficulties in pugs

1

AO1

4.6.2.3

10.1

diabetes

1

AO1

4.6.2.4

10.2

genes

human

many

large

1

1

1

1

AO2

4.6.2.4

10.3

people may have religious / cultural beliefs for not using animal products / less chance of allergic reaction / large quantities can be made more easily

Accept any other appropriate suggestions

1

AO3

4.6.2.4

10.4

one from:

crops / wheat

flowers

Accept any correct suggestion

Accept named crops/flowers

1

AO1

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

B

as the chromosomes are identical/the same size / XX

1

1

AO2

4.6.1.8

01.2

nucleus

1

A01

4.6.1.8

01.3

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.8

01.4

50% / 1 in 2

allow ½ or 1:1

1

AO1

4.6.1.8

01.5

1/4

1

AO1

4.6.1.8

02.1

mitosis

1

AO1

4.6.1.1

02.2

C

A

E

B

D

award four marks for all statements in correct order

award three marks for 3 or 4 statements correct

award one or two marks for 1 or 2 correctly ordered statements respectively

4

AO1

4.6.1.1

02.3

any two from:

sexual reproduction:

requires two parents

produces four gametes

gametes produced are genetically different

gametes mix / fuse / mixing of genetic material

accept converse for any of the marks

2

AO1

4.6.1.1

4.6.1.2

03.1

ovaries

1

AO1

4.6.1.2

03.2

testes

1

AO1

4.6.1.2

03.3

award one mark for each correct row

4

AO1

4.6.1.2

04.1

23

46

alleles

dominant

recessive

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.6

04.2

BB – homozygous dominant

Bb – heterozygous

bb – homozygous recessive

all three correct for 2 marks

One or two correct for 1 mark

2

AO1

4.6.1.6

04.3

BB – Brown eyes

Bb – Brown eyes

bb – Blue eyes

1

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.6

04.4

the baby may be born with brown eyes, or may be born with blue eyes

1

AO2

4.6.1.6

04.5

as the mother may be heterozygous for the eye colour gene

1

AO2

4.6.1.6

05.1

DNA is a polymer

DNA is twisted into a helix

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.4

05.2

gene – section of DNA coding for a characteristic

chromosome – long strand of DNA

genome – entire genetic material found in an organism

nucleus – part of a cell containing DNA

award three marks for 4 correctly matched definitions

award two marks for 2 or 3 correctly matched definitions

award one mark for 1 correctly matched definition

3

AO1

4.6.1.4

05.3

One from:

Identify cause of genetic disease

Identify possible treatment of inherited disorder

study human migration patterns

link genetic factors to a disease

accept any other appropriate suggestion

1

AO3

4.6.1.4

06.1

24

1

AO2

4.6.1.6

06.2

12

1

AO2

4.6.1.6

06.3

two parents are required

gametes fuse together

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.6

06.4

Any four from:

copies of the DNA / genetic information is made

cell divides twice

to form four gametes / pollen cells

each with a single set of chromosomes

each pollen cell is genetically different / non identical

4

A02

4.6.1.2

07.1

polydactyly

1

AO1

4.6.1.7

07.2

it is caused by a recessive allele

it affects cell membranes resulting in thick mucus being produced

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.7

07.3

ethical:

an unborn fetus has a ‘right to life’ social:

enables parents to evaluate potential impact on their lives economic:

allows a couple to consider whether they are able to financially support the child

cost of procedure small compared with cost of lifetime care

Award one mark for each statement matched correctly

4

AO3

4.6.1.7

08.1

(sperm contains) 23 (chromosomes)

(egg contains) 23 (chromosomes)

(during) fertilisation (the genetic material joins together)

(cell divides by) mitosis

(each nucleus in an embryo contains) 46 (chromosomes)

1

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.2

08.2

it involves two parents

genetically different offspring are produced

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.1

08.3

pollen

egg cell / ovule

1

1

AO1

4.6.1.1

09.1

polymer / chain of nucleotides

two strands

arranged as a double helix

1

1

1

A01

4.6.1.4

09.2

specific sequence of amino acids

create a specific protein (which carries out a particular function)

1

1

A01

4.6.1.4

09.3

the complete set of genes / genetic material present in a cell / organism

1

AO1

4.6.1.4

09.4

find genes linked to disease

understand / design treatments for inherited disorders

trace ancestry /human migration

1

1

1

A01

4.6.1.4

10.1

ethanol

carbon dioxide

1

1

AO1

4.4.2.1

10.2

independent variable – temperature

dependent variable – volume of gas produced

control variable – time over which gas is collected

award one mark for one correctly matched variable

2

AO2

4.4.2.1

10.3