EDEXCEL GCSE HISTORY: MIGRANTS IN BRITAIN, C800-PRESENT | ANSWERS
1 Medieval England: The context for migration
1 Explain one way in which reasons for Norman migration to England after 1066 were different from reasons for Jewish migration to England after 1066.(4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the causes of Norman migration to England after 1066 and the causes of Jewish migration to England after 1066. General information about the causes of Norman migration to England after 1066 and/or the causes of Jewish migration to England after 1066 is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the causes of Norman migration to England after 1066 and features of the causes of Jewish migration to England after 1066 are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the causes of Norman migration to England after 1066 and the causes of Jewish migration to England after 1066 is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
An example of a Level 1 answer
The Normans migrated to England after 1066 because they were offered land.
Jewish migration to England increased because William wanted them to provide money to help him build things.
An example of a Level 2 answer
One reason for Norman migration to England after 1066 was because of the Norman victory at the Battle of Hastings. After his victory, William encouraged his Norman supporters to settle in England by offering them land.
However, Jewish migration to England increased because of economic reasons. William encouraged Jews to settle in England to help build trade and wealth.
2 Explain why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period.(12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- fertile farmland
- trade
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Vikings migrated to England in the medieval period. |
An example of a Level 1 answer
Vikings migrated to England because of England’s fertile land. It was easy to farm. They also knew England had treasures that could make them rich.
An example of a Level 2 answer
One reason for Viking migration to England in the medieval period was because of farmland. Land in Scandinavia was very difficult to farm, so Vikings were attracted to the more fertile farmland in England.
Vikings also migrated to England because of trade. Settling in England meant they could set up new trade routes.
Vikings also migrated to England because they believed it was weak. Anglo-Saxon kings often went to war with each other, which made them an easy target for invaders.
An example of a Level 3 answer
One reason for Viking migration to England in the medieval period was because of England’s farmland. Scandinavia, the Viking’s homeland, was largely a farming society. However, much of Scandinavia was very difficult to farm. As a result, many Vikings were attracted to the more fertile farmland in England.
Vikings migrated to England because of trade. They believed they could expand their existing trading networks and set up new trade routes, expanding market towns to sell goods.
Vikings also migrated to England because they believed it was weak. Anglo-Saxon England was made up of many kingdoms. The borders between these kingdoms were often disputed by individual rulers. Kings often went to war with each other, which made them an easy target for invaders such as Vikings.
An example of a Level 4 answer
One reason for Viking migration to England in the medieval period was because of England’s farmland. Scandinavia, the Viking’s homeland, was largely a farming society. However, much of this land was very difficult to cultivate because it was sandy and hilly. Furthermore, Sweden was becoming overcrowded and there was competition for land. As a result, many Vikings were attracted to the more fertile farmland in England. This would give them the opportunity to make more money and produce more food.
Vikings also migrated to England because of trade. They had been aware of England’s wealth for many years and knew that it had treasures that could make them rich. Settling in England also provided Viking traders with opportunities to set up new trade routes and expand market towns such as Derby. They could then sell the treasures throughout England.
Vikings also migrated to England because they believed it was weak. Anglo-Saxon England was made up of many kingdoms. The borders between these kingdoms were often disputed by individual rulers seeking to extend their influence. This often led to wars which, in turn, made the Anglo Saxons more vulnerable to invaders such as Vikings.
3 ‘Economic factors were the most important reasons why people migrated to England in the medieval period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- trade
- invasion
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to causes of migration to England in the medieval period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England in the medieval period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
An example of a Level 1 answer
England was a wealthy country. This attracted Vikings, who knew that they could take things.
Invasion was also an important reason for migration. Vikings raiders had attacked England looking for money. However, they eventually decided to stay. The Normans also arrived as invaders of England in 1066.
An example of a Level 2 answer
Economic factors were an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. Valuable treasures attracted Vikings, who knew that they could take these treasures and trade them. Jewish migrants also came to England for economic reasons. They were encouraged to provide loans to people.
Invasion was also an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. Originally, Viking settlers had been raiders who attacked English villages, towns, and places of worship looking for treasures. However, they eventually decided to stay. The Normans also arrived as invaders in 1066. William, Duke of Normandy believed he was the rightful king and won the Battle of Hastings. He later rewarded his Norman followers with land.
Another significant reason for migration to England in the medieval period was being invited by the monarch. For example, Jews were invited to settle in England by William the Conqueror.
In conclusion, people migrated to England in the medieval period for a variety of reasons.
An example of a Level 3 answer
Economic factors were an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. Valuable treasures attracted Vikings, who knew that they could expand English market towns in the north and trade with other Vikings in Europe. After 1066, Jewish migrants also came to England for economic reasons. They were encouraged to provide loans to build castles and cathedrals. Finally, trade was also a crucial factor in the arrival of Flemish weavers. Many of these weavers were highly skilled and were invited to England by Henry III to develop the wool industry.
Invasion was also an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. Originally, Viking settlers had been raiders who attacked English villages, towns, and places of worship looking for treasures to take back to Scandinavia. However, they eventually decided to stay because they saw Anglo-Saxon England as weak. The Normans also arrived as invaders in 1066. William, Duke of Normandy believed he was the rightful heir to the English throne. William claimed that Harold Godwinson had agreed to support his claim to the throne some years earlier. He won the Battle of Hastings and rewarded his Norman followers with English land.
Another significant reason for migration to England in the medieval period was being invited by the monarch. For example, Jews were invited to settle in England by William the Conqueror so that they could provide loans. Henry III also invited Flemish weavers to settle in England.
In conclusion, people migrated to England in the medieval period for a variety of reasons. Initially, many of them were invaders. The Vikings and the Normans both viewed England as a prize with its rich farmland and treasures. However, as time progressed, Jewish and Flemish migrants were invited to England due to the impact they could have on English trade.
An example of a Level 4 answer
Economic factors were an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. Vikings were aware of English wealth because they had traded with the Anglo-Saxons for many years. They knew that England had treasures that could make them rich. Once they arrived, Viking settlers realised they could expand English market towns in the north and trade with other Vikings in Europe.
Furthermore, after 1066, Jewish migrants settled in England for economic reasons. Jews from Normandy settled in England to help build trade and wealth. Before long, Jews were an essential part of the English economy. For example, they provided money to fund largescale building projects, such as castles and cathedrals. English merchants could borrow money and use it to expand their businesses. Finally, economic reasons were also a crucial factor in the arrival of Flemish weavers from the Low Countries. Henry III realised they could develop England’s wool industry. They brought high-level weaving skills to England, and trained people.
Invasion was also an important reason for migration to England in the medieval period. By the late eighth century, England was dominated by Anglo-Saxons, who had been in the country for hundreds of years. Then, from the mid-800s, they were joined by Vikings. Originally, the Vikings had been raiders who attacked English monasteries looking for treasures to take back to Scandinavia. However, they eventually decided to stay rather than just raid and return to their homelands. Furthermore, the Normans arrived as invaders in 1066. William, Duke of Normandy believed he was the rightful heir to Edward the Confessor. William claimed that Harold Godwinson had promised him the throne some years earlier, and he even had the backing of the Pope. Subsequently, he was victorious at the Battle of Hastings and rewarded his Norman followers with English land.
Another important reason for migration to England in the medieval period was being invited by the monarch. For example, Jews were encouraged to settle in England by William the Conqueror so that they could provide loans. Jews, unlike Christians, were allowed to lend money to people and charge interest, which is a fee on top of money lent to someone. Christianity taught that it was a sin to charge interest. However, Judaism did not have the same restrictions. Henry III also encouraged skilled weavers from the Low Countries to settle in England. By the end of the medieval period, artisans from the Low Countries were living across the country.
In conclusion, I agree with the statement. People migrated to England in the medieval period for a variety of reasons but, whatever the primary reason, economic factors usually played an important role. For example, initially, many people arrived as invaders, but both Vikings and the Normans wanted land in England because they viewed the country as an economic prize with its rich farmland and treasures. Then, later, Jewish and Flemish migrants were invited to England because of the impact they could have on English trade.
2 Medieval England: The experience and impact of migrants
1 Explain one way in which England under the Vikings was different to England under the Normans.(4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between England under the Vikings and England under the Normans. General information about England under the Vikings and/or England under the Normans is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of England under the Vikings and England and features of England under the Normans are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about England under the Vikings and England under the Normans is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Under the Vikings, English towns and cities were expanded to become major trading hubs. One example of this is York.
- The Normans focused on developing the built environment for defensive purposes. They build castles throughout England to protect themselves and control the local population.
2 Explain why people migrated to England in the medieval period after 1066. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- invitation
- economy
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why people migrated to England after 1066. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Some people migrated to England after 1066 because they were invited by the king. For example, William the Conqueror invited Jews from Normandy to settle in England, and Henry III invited skilled weavers from the Low Countries to settle in England.
- Some migrants settled in England after 1066 for economic reasons. For example, many artisans came to England because their skills were in short supply after the Black Death, and many Scottish people travelled south to find work.
- People also migrated to England after 1066 because of Christianity. Latin was the official language in most countries in Christendom, so monks and scholars from other countries were attracted to English monasteries, which were often centres of learning.
3 ‘The impact on the built environment was the most significant consequence of migration to England during the Middle Ages.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- culture
- trade
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages had a significant impact on culture. The Vikings and the Normans contributed to the English language, Scandinavian fashions came to England with the Vikings, and Norman names became common after the Norman Conquest. Large Jewish communities also grew up in important towns.
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages had a significant impact on the built environment. In the Danelaw, towns grew and cities became major trading hubs under the Vikings. Then, after 1066, the Normans built castles, cathedrals, and monasteries throughout England.
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages also had an extremely significant impact on the economy. The Vikings’ trading network made England a great trading nation. Trade links with France strengthened after the Norman Conquest, and the Normans developed a new tax system. Merchants, Norman landowners, and monarchs often relied on loans from Jewish migrants. Hanseatic merchants, Flemish weavers, and Lombardy bankers also helped to boost England’s economy.
3 Medieval case study: The city of York under the Vikings
1 Explain one way in which medieval towns and cities, such as Viking York, were similar to towns and cities today.(4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between Viking York and towns and cities today. General information about Viking York and/or towns and cities today is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of Viking York and features of towns and cities today are analysed to explain a similarity. Specific information about Viking York and towns and cities today is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Medieval towns and cities were centres for trade. For example, goods from all over the world arrived in York and were sold at its busy market.
- Similarly, today, English cities are centres for trade. For example, London imports items from all over the world and it is one of the most populous cities in the world.
2 Explain why York grew under the Vikings. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- River Ouse
- mint
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why York grew under the Vikings. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The position of York, on the River Ouse, led to the city’s growth under the Vikings. The Vikings were merchants and trading ships from many countries travelled across the North Sea and up the River Ouse to York, bringing raw materials and manufactured goods to be sold in the market, which became very busy.
- The Vikings minted their own coins in York. York’s mint was the only one in the region, showing the financial importance of the city and how it grew under the Vikings. Viking York was also home to more moneyers in England than anywhere except London.
- The raw materials and the money in York attracted highly skilled craftspeople. They made beads, necklaces, glass, leather goods, and knives for export or to sell in the busy market.
3 ‘The impact on the economy was the most significant consequence of migration to England during the Middle Ages.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer(16).
You may use the following in your answer:
- culture
- trade
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the Middle Ages. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages had a significant impact on culture. The Vikings and the Normans contributed to the English language, Scandinavian fashions came to England with the Vikings, and Norman names became common after the Norman Conquest. Large Jewish communities also grew up in important towns.
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages also had an extremely significant impact on the economy. The Vikings’ trading network made England a great trading nation. Trade links with France strengthened after the Norman Conquest, and the Normans developed a new tax system. Merchants, Norman landowners, and monarchs often relied on loans from Jewish migrants. Hanseatic merchants, Flemish weavers, and Lombardy bankers also helped to boost England’s economy.
- Migration to England during the Middle Ages also had an extremely significant impact on institutions. Both the Vikings and the Normans introduced new laws. The Normans also introduced the feudal system, a system of control that lasted for centuries.
4 Early modern England: The context for migration
1 Explain one way in which migration to England in the early modern period was similar to migration to England in the medieval period.(4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between migration to England in the early modern period and migration to England in the medieval period. General information about migration to England in the early modern period and/or migration to England in the medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of migration to England in the early modern period and features of migration to England in the medieval period are analysed to explain a similarity. Specific information about migration to England in the early modern period and in the medieval period is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- During the early modern period, Scottish migrants settled in England. Many worked as coal miners or on ships carrying coal, and some worked as farm labourers in England in the summer and then returned to Scotland.
- Similarly, during the medieval period, many Scottish people travelled to England. They worked mainly as servants and labourers.
2 Explain why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- persecution
- Lombardy bankers
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why Jews were expelled from England in 1290. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Medieval Jews looked, dressed, and sounded different. Gradually, antisemitism increased, leading to pogroms in 1190 and 1244.
- Christianity taught that it was a sin to charge interest, but Judaism did not have the same restrictions, so Jewish moneylenders were an essential part of England’s economy. However, Lombardy bankers found a way to lend money that was not considered a sin by the Pope, which meant Jewish moneylenders were not needed in the same way they had been before.
- Laws were passed that made life in England very difficult for Jews, such as the 1253 Statute of Jewry, which stated that all Jews had to wear badges so they were easily identifiable. These laws culminated in the 1290 royal decree, which stated that all Jews were to be expelled from England and their land and property seized.
3 ‘Economic reasons were the most significant cause of migration to England during the early modern period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- persecution
- trade
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Persecution was a significant cause of migration to England during the early modern period. As a Protestant country, England became a safe haven for Protestants suffering religious and political persecution; for example, Huguenots from France, and Flemish and Walloon Protestants from the Low Countries.
- Trade was also cause of migration to England during the early modern period. The establishment of colonies and trading posts in the Caribbean, India, and North America led to many Africans, Indians, and Indigenous Americans travelling to, and settling in, England.
- The 1655 decision to readmit Jews to England was also a cause of migration to England during the early modern period. By 1700, the Jewish population in England had grown to around 8,000.
5 Early modern England: The experience and impact of migrants
1 Explain one way in which the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century were different from the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period.(4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period. General information about experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and/or Jewish migrants in the medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and features of the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and Jewish migrants in the medieval period is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- In the early modern period, Huguenot migrants were made to feel welcome in England. For example, Charles II offered them letters of denization so they could settle and set up businesses.
- In contrast, in the medieval period, the English monarch persecuted Jewish migrants. For example, in 1290, Edward I issued a royal decree expelling Jews from England and seizing their land and property.
2 Explain why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.(12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- forced migration
- voluntary migration
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in Britain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The Reformation led to unrest in Europe, and many Protestants suffered religious and political persecution. As a Protestant country, England became a safe haven for people forced to migrate to escape persecution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, for example the Huguenots from France, and Flemish and Walloon Protestants from the Low Countries.
- Many economic migrants voluntarily settled in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. For example, Scottish migrants, some of whom were temporary migrants, such as farm labourers, and some of whom came to live in England permanently.
- By the end of the seventeenth century, England was at the heart of a growing trading network. This led to migrants from the Caribbean, North America, and India settling in England; for example, Black people, Indigenous Americans, and ayahs.
3 ‘The positive impact on the economy was the most significant consequence of migration to England during the early modern period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- the economy
- culture
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Migration to England during the early modern period had an impact on trade, industry, and agriculture, which helped boost the economy. For example, by the end of the seventeenth century, there were four times more industries operating in England than there had been in the medieval period. Protestant refugees were responsible for a lot of this growth.
- Migration to England during the early modern period had a positive impact on culture. For example, migrant communities transformed areas of the country, and some words and phrases used by migrants also found their way into the English language.
- Migration to England during the early modern period also had an impact on the built environment. For example, Italian, French, and Flemish influences can be seen in buildings constructed during the early modern period.
6 Early modern case studies: Sandwich and Canterbury, and the Huguenots
1 Explain one way in which the reasons Huguenot migrants settled in England in the seventeenth century were different from the reasons Normans settled in England in the eleventh century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the reasons for Huguenot migration in the seventeenth century and Norman migration in the eleventh century. General information about Huguenot and/or Norman migrants is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the reasons for Huguenot migration in the seventeenth century and features of the reasons for Norman migration in the eleventh century are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about Huguenot and Norman migrants is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- In the seventeenth century, Huguenots settled in England to escape religious persecution. Many viewed Protestant England as a safe haven.
- In the eleventh century, many Normans settled in England because they were encouraged to do so. After William, Duke of Normandy was successful at the Battle of Hastings, he encouraged his supporters to settle by offering them land.
2 Explain why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- ‘new draperies’
- religious persecution
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury in the early modern period. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Migrants settled in places like Sandwich and Canterbury because of their skill at weaving ‘new draperies’. Flemish and Walloon migrants were specialists at making this type of cloth, which was new to England, and gradually replaced heavier, more expensive woollen cloth.
- The Flemish Protestants who arrived in Sandwich and the Walloon Protestants who arrived in Canterbury were fleeing religious persecution in the Low Countries. As a Protestant country, England became a safe haven for Protestants seeking to escape religious persecution.
- Both Sandwich and Canterbury saw the economic benefits of allowing highly skilled weavers to help revive their struggling economies. Sandwich’s council approached William Cecil, and Flemish migrants were granted royal permission to establish a community in Sandwich in 1561. Walloon migrants were also welcomed to Canterbury because the destruction of St Thomas Becket’s tomb meant pilgrims no longer visited, and the town was not as wealthy as it had been.
3 ‘The experiences of migrants in England varied considerably during the early modern period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- letters of denization and letters patent
- vagrancy
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the variety of experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the variety of experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the variety of experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in England during the early modern period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The authorities encouraged some migration because migrants were a good source of income during the early modern period. Letters of denization were still granted for a fee. Letters patent were granted to individuals and groups to set up new industries, increasing the tax paid to the monarch.
- Some migrants were blamed for problems in society. For example, there were many vagrants in England in the late 1500s, and throughout the early modern period Roma were victimised by the authorities for being vagrants because of their nomadic way of life.
- The authorities did not always welcome migrants, and sometimes turned on them if they no longer believed they were a benefit. For example, Henry VIII arrested three Hanseatic merchants for spreading Protestantism in 1554 and 1558, Mary I ordered all immigrants who did not have a letter of denization or a letter patent to leave England.
7 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: The context for migration
1 Explain one way in which migration of Jewish people in the nineteenth century was different from migration of Jewish people in the medieval period. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the migration of Jewish people in the nineteenth century and the migration of Jewish people in the medieval period. General information about the migration of Jewish people in the nineteenth century and/or the migration of Jewish people in the medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the migration of Jewish people in the nineteenth century and features of the migration of Jewish people in the medieval period are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the migration of Jewish people in the nineteenth century and the migration of Jewish people in the medieval period is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- In the late 1800s, many Jews fled to Britain from Eastern Europe and Russia. They were escaping poverty and persecution.
- In contrast, many of the Jews who migrated to England in the medieval period were from Normandy. They were invited to settle in England by William the Conqueror to help build trade and wealth.
2 Explain why monarchs encouraged migration. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- letters patent
- cloth trade
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why monarchs encouraged migration. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Medieval and early modern monarchs encouraged migration because migrants were a good source of income. Letters of denization were granted for a fee in both periods, and early modern monarchs granted letters patent to individuals and groups to set up new industries, increasing the tax paid.
- In the medieval period monarchs invited migrants to develop the wool trade, and in the early modern period monarchs invited migrants to develop the cloth trade. For example, Hanseatic merchants were given control of the wool trade by Henry III, and Flemish, Walloon and Huguenot weavers of the ‘new draperies’ were welcomed by monarchs and by the towns they settled in.
- Monarchs also encouraged migration to boost their power. The Normans invited Jews to settle in England so they could loan the money needed to fund the building of the castles and cathedrals that helped William maintain control of England.
3 ‘The expansion of the British Empire was the only reason for migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- the colonisation of Africa
- Irish immigration
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the causes of migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included:
- The expansion of the British Empire played an important role in increasing migration to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many plantation owners and slave traders brought enslaved Africans back to Britain with them when they returned home. In the late nineteenth century, Britain added 16 African colonies to its empire, and this led to many people from Africa migrating (often temporarily) to Britain.
- Irish people were one of the largest migrant groups to come to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There was a significant increase in Irish immigration in the late 1840s because of the famine known as the Great Hunger. Migration from Ireland also increased during the industrial revolution because people came to find better-paid work.
- Other groups of people from outside the British Empire also migrated to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including 13,000 Palatines in 1709, over 750,000 Italians between 1871 and 1881, and around 150,000 Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe and Russia between 1881 and 1914.
8 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: The experience and impact of migrants
1 Explain one way in which opportunities for Irish migrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were different from opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the opportunities for Irish migrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century. General information about the opportunities for Irish migrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and/or the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the opportunities for Irish migrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and features of the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the opportunities for Irish migrants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Industrial Revolution provided many Irish migrants with opportunities to find better-paid work. Many found jobs as navvies, and one-third of navvies who worked to build the railways in Britain were Irish.
- In the seventeenth century, Huguenots often established their own businesses rather than work for someone else. Many were highly skilled craftspeople and they revitalised British industries such as papermaking, watchmaking, and gun-making.
2 Explain why migrants often experienced prejudice from the existing population in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- disease
- cultural differences
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice from the existing population in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice from the existing population in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice from the existing population in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migrants experienced prejudice from the existing population in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The existing population often blamed migrants for the spread of infectious diseases, and this led to prejudice against migrants. For example, Jews and Italians were blamed for the spread of cholera, and Irish migrants were blamed for outbreaks of typhus.
- The existing population often treated migrants with prejudice because they were culturally different. For example, Jewish refugees arriving from Russia and Eastern Europe in the late nineteenth century were noticeably different from the existing Jewish population in Britain.
- Prejudice towards migrants was promoted by the media. For example, the character of Fagin in Oliver Twist is based on antisemitic Jewish stereotypes. Cartoons in magazines and newspapers helped to spread negative ideas, and migrants were blamed for social problems like crime.
3 ‘The experience of migrants in Britain changed significantly between the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- reactions of the authorities
- conflict with the existing population
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the changing experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the changing experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the changing experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the experiences of migrants in Britain during the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included:
- The attitude of authorities towards migrants changed between the early modern period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the early modern period, the authorities sometimes welcomed migrants (for example, monarchs issued letters of denization, letters patent, and charters) and sometimes did not (for example, Henry VII arrested three Hanseatic merchants, and Mary I ordered migrants without a letter of denization or a letter patent to leave England). In contrast, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the authorities tended to adopt a laissez-faire approach to migration.
- Migrants also came to play a much greater role in politics than ever before in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For example: Fergus O’Connor and William Cuffay and the Chartist movement; Olaudah Equiano and the abolitionist movement; and Dadabhai Naoroji becoming the first Indian MP.
- However, migrants came into conflict with the existing population in both the early modern period (for example: Roma blamed for vagrancy, ‘Evil May Day’, and the attempt to blame Black people for wider social problems in Elizabethan England) and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (for example: antisemitism, Irish migrants blamed for high crime rates, and Italians blamed for spreading cholera).
9 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century case studies: Liverpool and Jewish migrants in the East End of London
1 Explain one way in which opportunities for Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century were similar to opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between the opportunities for Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century. General information about the opportunities for Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of opportunities for Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and features of opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century are analysed to explain a similarity. Specific information about the opportunities for Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and the opportunities for Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- There was tension between Irish migrants in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and the existing population. There were fears that the Irish immigrants would take jobs away from local people, and even gain political control of the city by voting in Irish-born politicians.
- Similarly, in the seventeenth century, Huguenot migrants experienced some prejudice from the existing population. Some local people felt that Huguenot migrants took jobs away from English people and carried disease.
2 Explain why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- the British Empire
- persecution
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons why migration to Britain increased during the nineteenth century. |
Relevant points that could be included
- As the British Empire grew throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, migration to Britain from the places Britain colonised also increased. Many plantation owners and slave traders brought enslaved people back to Britain with them. Many people from the 16 African colonies Britain added to the Empire in the late nineteenth century came to live (often temporarily) in Britain. Indians began to migrate to Britain as more of India came under British control, and some Chinese sailors working on British ships settled in Britain.
- In the late 1800s, many Jews fled to Britain escaping persecution. They came from Eastern Europe and Russia, where they were living in poverty and subject to pogroms. Some saw Britain as a stepping stone to a new life in the USA, but approximately 150,000 Jewish refugees settled in Britain between 1881 and 1914.
- Irish people were one of the largest migrant groups to come to Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Over one and a half million Irish people migrated to Britain to avoid starvation during the famine known as the Great Hunger, and migration from Ireland also increased because people came to find better-paid work during the industrial revolution.
3 ‘The experiences of Jewish migrants changed significantly between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- persecution
- work
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the experiences of Jewish migrants during the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the changing experiences of Jewish migrants between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the experiences of Jewish migrants during the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the changing experiences of Jewish migrants between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the experiences of Jewish migrants during the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the changing experiences of Jewish migrants between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the experiences of Jewish migrants during the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included:
- In terms of persecution by authorities, the experience of Jewish migrants changed significantly between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the medieval period, monarchs passed laws to make living in England increasingly difficult for Jews. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the government adopted a laissez-faire approach to Jewish migrants.
- Jewish migrants arriving from Eastern Europe and Russia in the late nineteenth century had something Jews invited to settle in England after the Norman Conquest and Jews arriving during the Interregnum did not have: an existing community to help them settle. While not all Jews that had been settled in Britain for generations welcomed Jewish migrants in the late nineteenth century, some – such as the Four Percent Industrial Dwellings Company – took positive action to support the new arrivals.
- In many ways, the experiences of Jewish migrants did not change between the medieval period and the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because they continued to experience antisemitic prejudice from the existing population. In the medieval period, Jews were accused of ‘blood libel’ (killing Christian children as part of a ritual). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the British media promoted antisemitic stereotypes of Jews as ugly, greedy, and untrustworthy.
10 Modern Britain: The context for migration
1 Explain one way in which experiences of Irish migrants in the nineteenth century were different to the experiences of the Walloon migrants in the sixteenth century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the experiences of Irish migrants in the nineteenth century and the experiences of the Walloon migrants in the sixteenth century. General information about the experiences of Irish migrants in the nineteenth century and/or the experiences of the Walloon migrants in the sixteenth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the experiences of Irish migrants in the nineteenth century and features of the experiences of the Walloon migrants in the sixteenth century are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the experiences of Irish migrants in the nineteenth century and the experiences of the Walloon migrants in the sixteenth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- There were frequent tensions between Irish migrants who arrived in Liverpool in the nineteenth century and the existing population. The existing population feared the immigrants would take jobs away from local people and even get control of the city by voting in Irish-born politicians.
- In contrast, in the sixteenth century, Walloon migrants were welcomed to Canterbury by the existing population. The town was struggling economically, and the Walloon migrants provided jobs for local people, particularly women and children.
2 Explain why migration to Britain increased in the twentieth century. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- war
- British Empire and Commonwealth
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons for migration to Britain in the twentieth century. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why migration to Britain increased in the twentieth century. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons for migration to Britain in the twentieth century. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why migration to Britain increased in the twentieth century. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons for migration to Britain in the twentieth century. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why migration to Britain increased in the twentieth century. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons for migration to Britain in the twentieth century. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The First World War and the Second World War meant people migrated on a bigger scale than ever before, and Britain accepted refugees during both conflicts. For example, Belgian refugees arrived during the First World War, and many men and women from all over the British Empire who had worked in and alongside the armed forces during the war decided to stay in Britain after the war. During the Second World War, Jewish refugees arrived to escape Nazi persecution, including nearly 10,000 Jewish children with the Kindertransport scheme, and around 140,000 Poles settled in Britain after the war when the government passed the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act.
- The decline of the British Empire and the growth of the Commonwealth also contributed to a growth in migration to Britain in the twentieth century. In 1948, the British Government passed the British Nationality Act, and all 800 million people living in the Commonwealth became British citizens, with the right to live and work in Britain. Many people from the Caribbean chose to move to Britain, encouraged by the shortage of workers. When India gained independence from Britain in 1947, many Indians fled to Britain to escape the violence that broke out when India split into two countries: India and Pakistan.
- Britain’s membership of the European Union (EU) also played an important role in increased migration to Britain in the twentieth century. As new countries joined the EU, migration to Britain increased steadily; for example, 600,000 Eastern European migrants came to Britain between 2004 and 2006.
3 ‘Most people who have migrated to Britain during the modern period have been economic migrants.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- Commonwealth
- European Union
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of migration to Britain during the modern period. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the reasons for migration to Britain during the modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of migration to Britain during the modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the reasons for migration to Britain during the modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of migration to Britain during the modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the reasons for migration to Britain during the modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of migration to Britain during the modern period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included:
- Many migrants from the Commonwealth after 1948 were economic migrants, who were encouraged to come to Britain by the government because there was a shortage of workers in Britain after the Second World War. These included those on Empire Windrush and other Caribbean migrants, and people from India who arrived after partition.
- Britain’s membership of the European Union (EU) also encouraged economic migration. For example, many of the 600,000 Eastern European migrants who came to Britain between 2004 and 2006 were economic migrants seeking a better life in wealthier Britain.
- However, a significant number of migrants have come to Britain in the modern period as refugees. These include Vietnamese people fleeing instability in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, Albanian Kosovans fleeing the Kosovo War, and Somalians fleeing civil war and severe droughts.
11 Modern Britain: The experience and impact of migrants
1 Explain one way in which the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century were different from the experiences of EU migrants in the twentieth century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and the experiences of EU migrants in the twentieth century. General information about the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and/or the experiences of EU migrants in the twentieth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and features of the experiences of EU migrants in the twentieth century are analysed to explain a difference. Specific information about the experiences of Huguenot migrants in the seventeenth century and experiences of EU migrants in the twentieth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Overall, Huguenots migrating to England in the seventeenth century were treated with sympathy and kindness. Many Huguenots were highly skilled craftspeople and businesspeople, and they revitalised British industries.
- In the twentieth century, immigration from EU countries caused debate at local and national levels. In some places, the number of people arriving put local services under pressure, and some sections of the media promoted anti-immigration messages.
2 Explain why lots of migrants made their home in Liverpool in the nineteenth century. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- trade in enslaved Africans
- Chinese sailors
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons for migration to Liverpool in the nineteenth century. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why lots of migrants made their home in Liverpool in the nineteenth century. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of migration to Liverpool in the nineteenth century. |
|
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why lots of migrants made their home in Liverpool in the nineteenth century. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of migration to Liverpool in the nineteenth century. |
|
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why lots of migrants made their home in Liverpool in the nineteenth century. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of migration to Liverpool in the nineteenth century. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Migration to Liverpool increased in the nineteenth century because of the trade in enslaved Africans. The city’s links to the trade in enslaved Africans was a key reason for the city’s growth. African sailors and former enslaved Africans settled in Liverpool to form one of the oldest Black communities in Europe.
- Chinese sailors began arriving in Liverpool in the late 1850s because of the trade in silk, cotton, and tea between Liverpool, Shanghai, and Hong Kong. They set up shops, cafes, and boarding houses.
- The largest group of people who migrated to Britain and settled in Liverpool during the nineteenth century were Irish. Between 1846 and 1852, around 1.3 million Irish migrants sailed into Liverpool to escape the famine known as the Great Hunger. Three-quarters of these Irish migrants then migrated to the USA, but tens of thousands remained in Liverpool.
3 ‘The impact on politics was the most significant consequence of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- places of worship
- economy
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the consequences of migration to Britain between 1900 and the present day. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- One significant consequence of migration to Britain after 1900 was the impact on the built environment. For example, migrants have built places of worship; these included the Guru Nanak Gurdwara Sikh Temple in Smethwick, in Birmingham, which opened in 1961 and is the largest gurdwara in Europe. Migrants have also opened shops and restaurants throughout Britain.
- Migration has also made a significant contribution to the British economy. Some migrants are entrepreneurs, establishing new businesses, creating jobs, and expanding the British economy. Other migrants have played a critical role in public services; for example, in the early 1970s, it was estimated that 12% of Britain’s nurses were Irish migrants.
- Migrants have also played a prominent role in politics, campaigning for social change and becoming politicians. Examples include strike organiser Jayaben Desai, campaigner Doreen Lawrence, MP Bernie Grant, and footballer Shaka Hislop, who set up the anti-racism education charity Show Racism the Red Card.
12 Modern case studies: Bristol and Asian migrants in Leicester
1 Explain one way in which the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period were similar to the experiences of Caribbean migrants in the twentieth century. (4)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period and the experiences of Caribbean migrants in the twentieth century. General information about the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period and/or the experiences of Caribbean migrants in the twentieth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods. |
|
2 |
3–4 |
Features of the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period and features of the experiences of Caribbean migrants in the twentieth century are analysed to explain a similarity. Specific information about the experiences of Jewish migrants in the medieval period and Caribbean migrants in the twentieth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods. |
Relevant points that could be included
- In the medieval period, Jewish migrants experienced discrimination (antisemitism) from the existing population. For example, they were falsely accused of ‘blood libel’, and the 1253 Statute of Jewry stated that all Jews had to wear badges so they were easily identifiable.
- Similarly, in the twentieth century, Caribbean migrants experienced discrimination from the existing population. For example, an unofficial colour bar was introduced in many places, so many Black and South Asian people were limited in the jobs they could get, the houses they could live in, and the restaurants and cafes they could enter.
2 Explain why the Bristol Bus Boycott was an important moment in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement, but was not the end of racism in the country. (12)
You may use the following in your answer:
- Bristol Bus Boycott
- Enoch Powell
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–3 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the role of the Bristol Bus Boycott in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement. |
|
2 |
4–6 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why the Bristol Bus Boycott was an important moment in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement but was not an end to racism in the country. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the role of the Bristol Bus Boycott in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement. |
|
3 |
7–9 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why the Bristol Bus Boycott was an important moment in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement but was not an end to racism in the country. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the role of the Bristol Bus Boycott in the British Civil Rights Movement. |
|
4 |
10–12 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why the Bristol Bus Boycott was an important moment in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement but was not an end to racism in the country. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the role of the Bristol Bus Boycott in the British Civil Rights Movement. |
Relevant points that could be included
- The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 was an important moment in the history of the British Civil Rights Movement because many see it as the start of the movement. It brought the colour bar at the Bristol Omnibus Company to national attention, and the success of the boycott sparked a national movement against racial discrimination.
- However, the Bristol Bus Boycott was not the end of racism in Britain. For example, MP Enoch Powell made a famous speech against immigration in 1968. Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech was supported by a minority who wanted all non-white immigrants to leave Britain. Also, the National Front political party, which campaigned against immigration, gained a large following in the 1970s.
- Racism in Britain continues. Examples of racism in the 1980s include: the aftermath of the New Cross Fire; the Black People’s Day of Action; the 1981 Brixton Riot and the Scarman Report. An example of racism in the 1990s is Stephen Lawrence and the Macpherson Report, and a more recent example is the Windrush scandal of 2012.
3 ’Decolonisation is responsible for all immigration to Britain in the twentieth century.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)
You may use the following in your answer:
- African Asians
- European migrants
You must also use information of your own.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–4 |
The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. An overall judgement is missing, or is given but is not justified. |
|
2 |
5–8 |
The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained. |
|
3 |
9–12 |
The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained. |
|
4 |
13–16 |
The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the reasons for immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained. |
Relevant points that could be included
- Decolonisation played an important role in immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. Many Asians left Uganda and Kenya after Africanisation made life very difficult for them in the 1960s; because of the 1948 Britain Nationality Act, many chose to settle in Britain. Similarly, many Indians settled in Britain after the partition of India following independence from Britain in 1947.
- However, decolonisation was not responsible for all immigration to Britain in the twentieth century. Britain’s membership of the European Union also played an important role. For example, between 2004 and 2006, around 600,000 Eastern European migrants came to Britain seeking a better life.
- Furthermore, many of the refugees and asylum seekers who settled in Britain were escaping conflicts that were not related to the decline of the British Empire. These included Vietnamese people fleeing instability in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, Albanian Kosovans fleeing the Kosovo War, and Somalians fleeing civil war and severe droughts.
13 Historic environment: The development of Notting Hill and Caribbean culture
1a Describe one feature of the Notting Hill Housing Trust. (2)
Mark scheme
You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for appropriate supporting information.
An example of a two-mark answer
The Notting Hill Housing Trust is a charity housing association. (1) It was established in the early 1960s to renovate houses and rent them out at reasonable prices. (1)
1b Describe one feature of Caribbean culture in Notting Hill during the 1960s. (2)
Mark scheme
You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for appropriate supporting information.
An example of a two-mark answer
Portobello Road market has changed over the years to meet the need of new arrivals, and a Caribbean influence can be seen. (1) The market sells fruit and vegetables from all around the world, including Caribbean fruit and vegetables. (1)
2a Study Sources A and B.
How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into housing available to Caribbean migrants arriving in Notting Hill?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context.
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources are simple, and comments on the content of the sources and/or their provenance are limited. The sources have been quoted, paraphrased, or described, but a full understanding of what they mean is not demonstrated. The answer contains little contextual knowledge, and links to the source are limited. |
|
2 |
3–5 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry are given, with valid criteria. Judgements are supported by developed comments about the content of the sources and/or their provenance. Some analysis of the sources is used to support the judgements on the usefulness of the sources. The answer uses contextual knowledge to support comments on the usefulness of the sources. |
|
3 |
6–8 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry are given, with valid and well-chosen criteria. Judgements take into account how the provenance affects the usefulness of the source. The sources are analysed to support the judgements about their usefulness. The answer uses contextual knowledge as part of the process of interpreting the sources and applying valid and well-chosen criteria for judgements on the sources’ usefulness. |
An example of a Level 1 answer
Source A shows slum housing in Notting Hill, which looks very unpleasant to live in. It tells us that Caribbean migrants didn’t have very nice places to live.
Source B is an interview with a man who arrived in Britain from the Caribbean in 1955. It says that he had to share a room with other people and that he felt he was overcharged.
An example of a Level 2 answer
Source A shows slum housing in Notting Hill. We can see a Black person outside, suggesting that this is where he lives. This is accurate, because many Black people in Notting Hill lived in houses of multiple occupation such as this. They lived there because rents were low.
Source B is an extract from an interview with a man who arrived in Britain from the Caribbean in 1955. He tells us that he paid for a ‘space’ in a room which he had to share with other people and that he felt he was overcharged. This is reliable, as many landlords in Notting Hill converted large houses into lots of small living spaces and overcharged their tenants.
An example of a Level 3 answer
Source A shows slum housing in Notting Hill. We can see a Black person outside, suggesting that this is where he lives. This is accurate, because many Black people in Notting Hill lived in houses of multiple occupation (HMOs) such as this. Bombing during the Second World War meant there were severe housing shortages, and many people lived in HMOs that had been declared unfit to live in before the war. Landlords often neglected to make repairs. However, rents were low, which attracted Caribbean immigrants. The fact that Source A is a photograph makes it authentic. It is an actual image of Notting Hill from the 1950s, which gives us a visual insight into the period.
Source B is an extract from an interview with a man who arrived in Britain from the Caribbean in 1955. He tells us that he paid for a ‘space’ in a room and that he felt he was overcharged. This is reliable as the landlord in question, Peter Rachman, became well-known for converting flats into even smaller living spaces and overcharging his tenants. He also had a reputation for controlling his business using threats and violence. Source B is a first-hand account of the housing available to Caribbean migrants arriving in Notting Hill, which makes it useful to historians. It is also typical of the time, because Rachman owned over 100 homes in and around Notting Hill, so many people would have had a similar experience.
2b Study Source B.
How could you follow up Source B to find out more about the housing available to Caribbean migrants arriving in Notting Hill?
In your answer, you must give the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. (4)
Mark scheme
You can award four marks for this question.
- One mark for selecting a detail in the source that could form the basis of a follow-up enquiry.
- One mark for an appropriate follow-up question.
- One mark for identifying an appropriate source to use in a follow-up enquiry.
- One mark for an answer that explains how the information it contains could help answer the chosen follow-up question.
An example of a four-mark answer
Detail in Source B that I would follow up: ‘There were three of us living in a room at the time and we paid a guinea each.’
Question I would ask: Was this a typical situation for Caribbean migrants arriving in Notting Hill?
What type of source I could use: Local housing records from the 1950s, showing where Caribbean migrants lived and how much rent they paid.
How this might help answer my question: I could find out how many Caribbean migrants were living at each address and how much they paid in rent, and compare the information to the details in Source B.
14 Historic environment: Racism, policing, and Black activism in Notting Hill
1a Describe one feature of the Notting Hill riots. (2)
Mark scheme
You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for appropriate supporting information.
An example of a two-mark answer
The Notting Hill riots began on 24 August 1958 and lasted about a week. (1) The riots were followed by a worsening relationship between the Caribbean community and the police. (1)
1b Describe one feature of the West Indian Gazette. (2)
Mark scheme
You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for appropriate supporting information.
An example of a two-mark answer
The West Indian Gazette was set up in 1958 by Claudia Jones. (1) It was Britain’s first major Black weekly newspaper and had around 15,000 readers. (1)
2a Study Sources A and B.
How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into the emergence of the Black Power Movement?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context. (8)(8)
Mark scheme
|
Level |
Marks |
Explanation |
|
1 |
1–2 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources are simple, and comments on the content of the sources and/or their provenance are limited. The sources have been quoted, paraphrased, or described, but a full understanding of what they mean is not demonstrated. The answer contains little contextual knowledge, and links to the source are limited. |
|
2 |
3–5 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry are given, with valid criteria. Judgements are supported by developed comments about the content of the sources and/or their provenance. Some analysis of the sources is used to support the judgements on the usefulness of the sources. The answer uses contextual knowledge to support comments on the usefulness of the sources. |
|
3 |
6–8 |
Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry are given, with valid and well-chosen criteria. Judgements take into account how the provenance affects the usefulness of the source. The sources are analysed to support the judgements about their usefulness. The answer uses contextual knowledge as part of the process of interpreting the sources and applying valid and well-chosen criteria for judgements on the sources’ usefulness. |
Relevant points that could be included
-
Source A shows the Mangrove restaurant in August 1970, when the restaurant was regularly raided by the police.
-
As a photograph, Source A provides a genuine insight into the past and depicts feelings at the time. It suggests that the relationship between the police and the people associated with the Mangrove restaurant was strained, and the Black community felt targeted by the constant police raids. We know that the Black community was frustrated, because the British Black Panthers organised a demonstration, which led to the trial of the ‘Mangrove Nine’.
-
Source B makes it clear that the British Black Panthers believed that Black people had been abused by the police. It also suggests that Black people were viewed as criminals by the existing population.
-
Source B is written by a leader of the British Black Panthers, an organisation that was part of the British Black Power Movement. This makes the account authentic, as the author is providing a first-hand description of why the Black Power Movement developed in Britain.
2b Study Source B.
How could you follow up Source B to find out more about the emergence of the Black Power Movement?
In your answer, you must give the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. (4)
Mark scheme
You can award four marks for this question.
- One mark for selecting a detail in the source that could form the basis of a follow-up enquiry.
- One mark for an appropriate follow-up question.
- One mark for identifying an appropriate source to use in a follow-up enquiry.
- One mark for an answer that explains how the information it contains could help answer the chosen follow-up question.
An example of a four-mark answer
Detail in Source B that I would follow up: ‘“Black people are criminals…” That is a myth that has been created about us.’
Question I would ask: How did the myth that Black people are criminals develop in Britain in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s?
What type of source I could use: The front pages of British national newspapers from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s.
How this might help answer my question: The newspaper headlines and the way Black people were presented in the articles and the photographs accompanying them would illustrate how they were portrayed by the media at the time; this may have contributed to the myth that Black people are criminals.