EDEXCEL GCSE HISTORY: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN BRITAIN, C1000-PRESENT | ANSWERS

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1 Medieval England: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which activities considered to be crimes in the later medieval period were different from activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the activities considered to be crimes in the later medieval period and activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period.

General information about activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period and/or late medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of activities considered to be crimes in the late medieval period and features of activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period and/or late medieval period is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

An example of a Level 1 answer

One crime in the early medieval period was poaching. Later on, heresy also became a crime, so things did change.

An example of a Level 2 answer

One difference between activities considered to be crimes in the medieval period was how crimes against authority were viewed. In the early medieval period, one of the most serious crimes was treason, as it was a crime against the authority of the monarch. In the later medieval period, treason was still a serious crime, but equally serious was challenging the authority of the Church, which led to heresy becoming a crime.

2 Explain why the Normans created new definitions of crime in medieval England. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

royal authority
murdrum fine

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the new definitions of crime created by the Normans in medieval England.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why the Normans created new definitions of crime in medieval England. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the new definitions of crime created by the Normans in medieval England.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why the Normans created new definitions of crime in medieval England. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the new definitions of crime created by the Normans in medieval England.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why the Normans created new definitions of crime in medieval England. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the new definitions of crime created by the Normans in medieval England.

An example of a Level 1 answer

One crime the Normans introduced was the murdrum fine. This was for killing a Norman. They also made it a crime to hunt animals.

An example of a Level 2 answer

The Normans made many new crimes. One of them was killing a Norman, and the punishment for this was the murdrum fine, which the whole village had to pay.

They also made the Forest Laws, so it wasn’t legal anymore to hunt in the king’s forests. The punishment for this was to lose two fingers or to be blinded.

The Normans liked royal authority so they increased the number of crimes.

An example of a Level 3 answer

One reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to boost royal authority. For example, William wanted to keep all good hunting land to himself, so he created royal forests and made it a crime for others to hunt there without permission. This was really unpopular among Anglo-Saxons.

Another reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to show the Anglo-Saxons that they had been conquered and they were now inferior. The murdrum laws made killing a Norman a serious crime. If a Norman was thought to have been killed by an Anglo-Saxon, the whole local village had to pay a heavy fine.

A final reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to show that William was a strong ruler. By having these new laws and having harsh punishments for them, William was trying to show that he was upholding the law as Edward the Confessor had done.

An example of a Level 4 answer

One reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to increase royal authority. One of William’s aims as king was to make sure he looked more powerful than his nobles. For example, William wanted to keep all good hunting land to himself, so he created royal forests and made it a crime for others to hunt there without permission. The punishments for breaking the Forest Laws were severe. This reinforced William’s authority because he alone had control over this.

Another reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to show the Anglo-Saxons that they were conquered and now inferior. Murder was already a crime, but the murdrum laws made killing a Norman a particularly serious crime. If a Norman was thought to have been killed by an Anglo-Saxon, the whole local village had to pay a heavy fine, but there was no such law for Saxons being killed. This suggested that a Norman’s life was worth more than an Anglo-Saxon’s.

A final reason why the Normans created new definitions of crime was to deter rebellion. In addition to the penalty for killing a Norman, the murdrum fine was also created to discourage Anglo-Saxons from starting a rebellion by murdering a local Norman lord (this had occurred in the north of England). The murdrum laws showed that Saxons were being held collectively responsible for each other following the new laws.

3 ‘The Black Death was the main reason why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

Forest Laws
Statue of Labourers

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused the increase in the number of crimes defined during the period c1000–c1500. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused the increase in the number of crimes defined during the period c1000–c1500. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused the increase in the number of crimes defined during the period c1000–c1500. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

An example of a Level 1 answer

I agree with the statement. The Black Death led to more crime because people were starving and so they turned to theft. But on the other hand, you could argue that there was less crime because so many people died.

An example of a Level 2 answer

You could argue that the Black Death did lead to more crimes being defined, because the Statute of Labourers was passed not long afterwards.

However, not all new crimes were defined because of the Black Death. The Normans also changed crimes too, for example, the Forest Laws.

However, the Black Death did lead some people to question religion and heresy laws were passed because of this.

Overall, I agree with the statement because there were two new crimes after the Black Death: heresy and the Statute of Labourers.

An example of a Level 3 answer

One reason to agree with the statement is that new crimes were defined as a result of the Black Death. For example, the Statute of Labourers made it illegal for labourers to demand wages higher than those they received before the Black Death. This was to try to keep their wages low, even though there were far fewer workers. Because of the Black Death, some people started to question the work and teachings of the Church. To clamp down on this, the heresy laws were introduced, which probably wouldn’t have happened without the Black Death.

However, one reason to disagree with the statement is changes introduced by the Normans. To boost royal authority and to show that the Anglo-Saxons were now inferior, the Normans introduced the Forest Laws to stop people hunting on the king’s land. They also introduced the murdrum laws to make killing a Norman more serious. These came much earlier than the Black Death.

Another reason to disagree with the statement is that other crimes that were introduced were only partly due to the Black Death. For example, the 1352 Treason Act made it clear what counted as petty treason (e.g., by a servant against their employer) and what counted as high treason (e.g., plotting against the monarch). This was passed just after the Black Death, but mostly to make the laws clearer, not due to the plague itself.

In conclusion, I mostly disagree with the statement, because only the Statute of Labourers and the heresy laws were because of the Black Death.

An example of a Level 4 answer

One reason to agree with this statement is because the Black Death led to a change in attitudes, which worried the authorities. For example, many labourers died during the plague, and those who survived began to ask for higher wages. Landowners disapproved of this. In 1351, the government introduced the Statute of Labourers, which made it illegal to ask for wages higher than those received before the Black Death. Also, a small group of people, called the Lollards, began to question the Church’s teachings because it had been unable to stop the plague. This was a serious challenge to the Church’s authority. In response, heresy laws were introduced, making it illegal to challenge the Church. The punishment for doing so was burning at the stake.

However, one reason to disagree with this statement is the impact of the Norman Conquest in 1066. To increase his royal authority, William introduced the Forest Laws to stop people hunting on royal lands and to ensure he kept the best hunting land for himself. He also wanted to deter rebellion and show that the Anglo-Saxons were inferior to Normans. So, he introduced the murdrum laws. This made killing a Norman a more serious crime than killing an Anglo-Saxon. As these changes came much earlier than the Black Death, it is hard to argue that the Black Death was the main reason for new definitions of crime between c1000 and c1500.

Another reason to disagree with this statement is the changes made to the treason laws. In 1352, the Treason Act was introduced, making it clear what counted as petty treason (e.g., by a servant against their employer) and what counted as high treason (e.g., plotting against the monarch). This was passed just after the Black Death, but mostly to make the laws clearer, not due to the plague itself. In this instance, therefore, the Black Death cannot be argued as the main reason, even though England was recovering from the impact of the plague.

In conclusion, I mostly disagree with this statement. The Statute of Labourers was not a hugely significant change to crime, and was often ignored. However, the heresy laws were a significant change and do support the statement. The heresy laws continued well into the early modern period. Fundamentally, though, important new definitions of crime were made under the Normans, including the Forest Laws and murdrum fines. We also cannot directly link the 1352 Treason Act to the impact of the Black Death. Across the whole time period, there isn’t enough evidence to judge the Black Death as the most important reason.

2 Medieval England: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which trials in Anglo-Saxon England were different from trials in Norman England. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between trials in Anglo-Saxon England and trials in Norman England.

General information about trials in the medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of Anglo-Saxon trials and features of Norman trials are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about Anglo-Saxon trials and Norman trials is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

Anglo-Saxon trial system used trial by jury, and trial by ordeal if the jury could not decide.
The Normans introduced trial by combat in the medieval period, which emphasised the military strength of the Normans.

2 Explain why methods of punishment changed during the medieval period. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

Forest Laws
burning at the stake

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the changes to punishment in the medieval period.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why punishments in the medieval period changed. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of punishments in the medieval period and why they changed.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why punishments in the medieval period changed. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of punishments in the medieval period and why they changed.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why punishments in the medieval period changed. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of punishments in the medieval period and why they changed.

Relevant points that could be included

The Normans were determined to stamp their authority on Anglo-Saxon England. As a result, the use of corporal punishment increased dramatically to deter criminals. For example, a person caught breaking the Forest Laws was punished with mutilation (e.g., chopping off a hand or blinding) for their first offense. If they were caught again, they could be executed.
Upholding the authority of the Church was another key reason for changes to punishment. For example, the 1401 Heresy Laws made challenging the teachings of the Church a capital offence, punishable by burning at the stake.
Fears of revolts and plots against the monarch were another key reason for changes to punishment. For example, the 1352 Treason Act introduced the punishment of hanging, drawing, and quartering for those found guilty of high treason.

3 ‘The Normans transformed law enforcement and punishment in England.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

murdrum fine
tithings

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the changes the Normans made to law enforcement and punishment. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of Norman changes to law enforcement and punishment. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

The Normans created new law enforcement roles and the authorities became more involved in law enforcement. For example, sheriffs were granted more powers and were responsible for upholding the Forest Laws. Later monarchs introduced coroners, parish constables, royal judges, and Justices of the Peace.
The Normans introduced trial by combat as an additional way to decide who was innocent or guilty of a crime.
The Normans introduced the murdrum fine to deter Saxons from murdering Normans as a way of rebelling against their authority.
The Normans changed wergild so that the fines went to the crown instead of to the families of the victims.
The Normans increased the use of corporal punishments, such as mutilation as a way to punish those who broke the Forest Laws.
The Normans increased the use of capital punishments, such as hanging or beheading for murder or treason.
The Normans introduced Church courts for trying the clergy.

Points against the statement:

The Normans kept the existing systems of community law enforcement – for example, tithings and the hue and cry.
The other methods of trial remained as alternatives to trial by combat: trial by jury and trial by ordeal.

3 Medieval case study: The influence of the Church

1 Explain one way in which law enforcement in the twelfth century was similar to law enforcement in the fifteenth century. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between law enforcement in the twelfth century and law enforcement in the fifteenth century.

General information about law enforcement in the medieval period is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the period.

3–4

Features of twelfth-century law enforcement and features of fifteenth-century law enforcement are analysed to explain a similarity.

Specific information about law enforcement in the medieval period is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One similarity was the use of trial by jury. In both the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, juries were made up of people who knew the accuser and the accused. However, in the twelfth century, trial by ordeal was still used if the jury couldn’t reach a verdict.
One similarity was the use of Church courts. In both the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, Church courts were used to try clergy accused of crimes.
One similarity was the role of the coroner. Coroners began to be used at the end of the twelfth century to investigate suspicious deaths, and were still in use in the fifteenth century.

2 Explain why the Church had a role in law enforcement in medieval England. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

sanctuary
trial by ordeal

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the Church’s role in law enforcement in medieval England.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why the Church’s role was important. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the Church’s role in law enforcement in medieval England.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why the Church’s role was important. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the Church’s role in law enforcement in medieval England.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why the Church’s role was important. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the Church’s role in law enforcement in medieval England.

Relevant points that could be included

The Church offered sanctuary for suspected criminals who thought they had been wrongly accused. They could remain in a church for 40 days before law enforcement officers could remove them and make them stand trial.
Church courts were one way the Church influenced law enforcement. Priests, monks, and nuns were tried in Church courts. As the courts passed lighter sentences, this privilege was called ‘benefit of clergy’. They also had separate Church courts for trying ordinary people accused of moral crimes such as adultery or blasphemy.
The Church had another role in trials until 1215 – trial by ordeal. A trial by ordeal took place in a church and was overseen by a priest. The accused was injured in some way – for example, with the use of boiling water. Their wounds were then bandaged and checked after three days. People believed that if the wounds healed cleanly, God was proving their innocence.

3 ‘The influence of the Church over law enforcement was just as important as the influence of the monarch.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

Church courts
Justices of the Peace

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the influence of the Church and of the monarch over medieval law enforcement. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of the Church’s influence and the monarch’s influence over law enforcement in the medieval period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the influence of the Church and of the monarch over medieval law enforcement. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of the Church’s influence and the monarch’s influence over law enforcement in the medieval period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the influence of the Church and of the monarch over medieval law enforcement. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of the Church’s influence and the monarch’s influence over law enforcement in the medieval period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the influence of the Church and of the monarch over medieval law enforcement. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Church courts showed clear influence over law enforcement, by allowing benefit of clergy and more lenient punishments. They were also used for ordinary people accused of moral crimes.
Trial by ordeal took place in a church and was overseen by a priest, with God ‘showing’ who was innocent or guilty. However, this practice ended in 1215 when it was banned by the Pope.
Sanctuary was offered by the Church, which prevented law enforcement officers from arresting a suspected criminal for up to 40 days.

Points against the statement:

Sheriffs were often appointed by the monarch, and were responsible for law enforcement in each local area.
Henry II introduced important reforms to trials, leading to the use of Justices of the Peace and quarter sessions for fairly serious crimes.
Richard I also introduced the role of the coroner to investigate suspicious deaths.

4 Early modern England: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which the reasons for defining new crimes in the medieval period was similar to the reasons for defining new crimes in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between reasons for defining new crimes in the medieval period and reasons for defining new crimes in the early modern period.

General information about medieval and early modern crimes is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of the reasons for defining new crimes in the medieval period and features of the reasons for defining new crimes in the early modern period are analysed to explain a similarity.

Specific information about medieval and early modern crimes is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

In both periods, challenging the official religion of the country was considered a crime. You then need to give an example from each period; for example:

In the medieval period, heresy became a crime, making it illegal to challenge the Church’s teachings.
In the early modern period, it became illegal to refuse to attend Protestant church services, known as the crime of recusancy.

2 Explain why vagabondage was seen as a threat in the 1500s. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

increasing poverty
pamphlets

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of ideas about vagabondage in the 1500s.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why vagabondage was seen as a threat in the 1500s. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of ideas about vagabondage in the 1500s.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why vagabondage was seen as a threat in the 1500s. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of ideas about vagabondage in the 1500s.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why vagabondage was seen as a threat in the 1500s. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of ideas about vagabondage in the 1500s.

Relevant points that could be included

Vagabondage seemed to be on the increase due to a rise in poverty, partly caused by population growth, inflation, and poor harvests.
Many pamphlets were published warning people of the dangers of vagabonds. This heightened people’s fears and encouraged them to think that many vagabonds were violent criminals.
Vagabonds were seen as a nuisance because they sometimes begged on the streets if they couldn’t find work. Since they travelled around the country, many feared vagabonds because they were strangers.

3 ‘The Reformation was the most important reason for new crimes being defined in the 1500s.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

witchcraft
heresy

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of new definitions of crime in the 1500s. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused new crimes to be defined in the 1500s. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of new definitions of crime in the 1500s. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the 1500s. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of new definitions of crime in the 1500s. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the 1500s. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of new definitions of crime in the 1500s. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Henry VIII and Mary I were both suspicious of Protestant beliefs. For part of Henry VIII’s reign, and during Mary I’s reign, ownership of an English Bible was illegal.
The 1559 Elizabethan Settlement introduced the crime of recusancy, making it illegal for people not to attend Protestant church services. Elizabeth was trying to persuade Catholics to convert to Protestantism.
There is a link between the Reformation and beliefs in witchcraft, as religious uncertainty was one reason for the increase in witchcraft accusations. Puritans in particular were very worried about the influence of the Devil.

Points against the statement:

Vagabondage became a crime in the 1500s, which was mostly due to rising poverty and an ongoing fear of strangers, not religion.
Many other factors were responsible for witchcraft becoming a crime, and for further witchcraft laws being passed. Pamphlets, beliefs about gender roles, and growing poverty were also reasons.

5 Early modern England: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which the aims of punishment in the medieval period were different from the aims of punishment in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between the aims of punishment in the medieval period and the aims of punishment in the early modern period.

General information about the aims of punishment in the medieval and early modern periods is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of the aims of punishment in the medieval period and the aims of punishment in the early modern period are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about the aims of punishment in the medieval and early modern periods is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One difference is that reforming criminals became one of the aims. You then need to give an example from each period; for example:

In the medieval period, punishments tended to focus on deterrence, such as hanging for serious crimes (murder or treason).
In the early modern period, houses of correction were introduced to reform criminals by teaching them the value of ‘honest’ work. People convicted of vagrancy or prostitution were sent to houses of correction to do hard labour.

2 Explain why law enforcement was ineffective in the early modern period. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

town constable
the Bloody Code

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of law enforcement in the early modern period.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why law enforcement in the early modern period was ineffective. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of law enforcement in the early modern period.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why law enforcement in the early modern period was ineffective. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of law enforcement in the early modern period.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why law enforcement in the early modern period was ineffective. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of law enforcement in the early modern period.

Relevant points that could be included

Many law enforcement roles were not professional; important townspeople had to take turns carrying out the role. Town constables and night watchmen had many duties but little training and no pay.
Law enforcement didn’t develop partly because the authorities relied on harsh punishments for crimes, as seen with the start of the Bloody Code. It was hoped this would deter criminals, so less effort went into ensuring law enforcement was effective.
There was still little support or interest in an organised, professional police force. In many villages, community policing methods like the hue and cry were still used. However, in the growing towns and cities this became less effective.

3 ‘The main aim of punishments in the years c1000–c1700 was to deter others from committing the same crime.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

heresy
transportation

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the aims of punishments in the years c1000–c1700. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of deterrence in the forms of punishment used between c1000 and c1700. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the aims of punishments in the years c1000–c1700. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of deterrence in the forms of punishment used between c1000 and c1700. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the aims of punishments in the years c1000–c1700. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of deterrence in the forms of punishment used between c1000 and c1700. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the aims of punishments in the years c1000–c1700. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Challenging the Church’s authority was seen as extremely serious and dangerous. The punishment for committing heresy was burning at the stake – a horrific punishment aimed at deterring others from committing the same crime.
The authorities believed that an example needed to be made of traitors. The punishment for committing high treason was hanging, drawing, and quartering – a gruesome punishment aimed at deterring others from committing the same crime.
The Bloody Code began in an attempt to deter people from committing even minor crimes by making them punishable by the death penalty.
Social embarrassment was used as a deterrent throughout these centuries, as seen in the use of stocks and pillories.

Points against the statement:

Another aim was to remove criminals from society. This was an additional aim of the death penalty, but also of transportation.
Reform was one of the aims of transportation. By working hard in the colonies, it was hoped that criminals would go on to lead more honest lives.
Houses of correction were also used to reform criminals, by teaching them the value of ‘honest’ work.

6 Early modern case studies: The Gunpowder Plotters and Matthew Hopkins

1 Explain one way in which the punishment for traitors in the medieval period was similar to the punishment for traitors in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between punishment for traitors in the medieval period and punishment for traitors in the early modern period.

General information about medieval and/or early modern punishments for traitors is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of punishment for traitors in the medieval period and features of punishment for traitors in the early modern period are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about medieval and early modern punishments for traitors is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One similarity was the physically brutal nature of the punishment. Hanging, drawing, and quartering was introduced with the 1352 Treason Act. In the early modern period, this same punishment was used in 1606 for the Gunpowder Plotters.
One similarity was that deterrence was the main purpose of the punishment. In the medieval period during William I’s reign, traitors were hanged or beheaded. In the early modern period, traitors were mostly hanged, drawn, and quartered. These punishments were brutal to deter others from committing treason.

2 Explain why witchcraft accusations increased in the early modern period. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

Demonologie
the Civil Wars

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of witchcraft accusations in the early modern period.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why witchcraft accusations increased in the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the increase in witchcraft accusations in the early modern period.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why witchcraft accusations increased in the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the increase in witchcraft accusations in the early modern period.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why witchcraft accusations increased in the early modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the increase in witchcraft accusations in the early modern period.

Relevant points that could be included

The role of individuals was a key reason. For example, James I encouraged fear about witchcraft in his widely read book, Demonologie. Later on, Matthew Hopkins made himself ‘Witchfinder General’ and encouraged people in East Anglia to accuse others of witchcraft.
Accusations increased significantly during the English Civil Wars. People looked for scapegoats to blame for the misery and suffering endured during this time. As law and order broke down, people like Matthew Hopkins filled the gap in law enforcement.
Religious upheaval during the Reformation led to people questioning different faiths and worrying more about the influence of the devil. Witchcraft accusations were higher in Puritan areas.
Economic troubles were another reason: poor harvests, unemployment, and the growing gap between rich and poor made people more fearful of outsiders, who were more vulnerable to being accused of witchcraft.

3 ‘Religion was the main reason why the definition of crimes changed in the early modern period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

recusancy
the Civil Wars

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the changes to definitions of crime in the early modern period. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused new crimes to be defined in the early modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the changes to definitions of crime in the early modern period. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the early modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the changes to definitions of crime in the early modern period. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the early modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the changes to definitions of crime in the early modern period. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

The Reformation, which turned England from a Catholic to a Protestant country, led to several new definitions of crime. Henry VIII and Mary I were both suspicious of Protestant beliefs. For part of Henry VIII’s reign, and during Mary I’s reign, ownership of an English Bible was illegal.
Shortly after Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she passed a law requiring all people to attend Protestant church services; this law aimed to persuade Catholics to convert to Protestantism. Catholics who refused to attend Protestant church services were classed as recusants and had to pay a fine to the government.
Religious uncertainty because of the Reformation was one reason for the increase in witchcraft accusations. Puritans in particular were very worried about the influence of the Devil.

Points against the statement:

Changes in government were also a reason. For example, new laws were introduced by Puritans during and after the Civil Wars, which made feasting, gambling, and celebrating Christmas illegal.
Social and economic problems also led to new definitions of crime – for example, the laws against vagabondage.

7 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which the eleventh-century Forest Laws were similar to eighteenth-century poaching laws. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between the eleventh-century Forest Laws and eighteenth-century poaching laws.

General information about the eleventh-century Forest Laws and/or eighteenth-century poaching laws is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of the eleventh-century Forest Laws and features of eighteenth-century poaching laws are analysed to explain a similarity.

Specific information about the eleventh-century Forest Laws and eighteenth-century poaching laws is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One similarity was the harsh punishments for breaking them. In the eleventh century, the punishment for breaking the Forest Laws was mutilation – for example, the loss of two fingers or being blinded; for a second offence, it could be execution. In the eighteenth century, the punishment for poaching under the Black Act was hanging.
One similarity was the reasons why they were made illegal – the monarch or government wanted to protect land for themselves. The Forest Laws were made to keep hunting areas for William I’s use, and poaching laws like the 1723 Black Act were passed to protect wealthy landowners.

2 Explain why rates of highway robbery changed between c1700 and c1900. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

more travel on the roads
mounted patrols

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of highway robbery between c1700 and c1900.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why the rates of highway robbery changed. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of highway robbery between c1700 and c1900.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why rates of highway robbery changed. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of highway robbery between c1700 and c1900.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why rates of highway robbery changed. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of highway robbery between c1700 and c1900.

Relevant points that could be included

Opportunities for highway robbery increased in the eighteenth century because roads improved and stagecoach services were offered. Consequently, there was more travel on the roads, with many coach passengers carrying money or valuables.
Highway robbery was difficult to tackle for much of the eighteenth century, as there was little law enforcement along the roads, away from towns. This changed around London when the Fielding Brothers created mounted patrols, which brought rates of highway robbery down.
Highway robbery was made easier because horses and guns became cheaper and more easily accessible during the eighteenth century.
Banking improved in the nineteenth century, so fewer people travelled with money and valuables, reducing the amount highway robbers could make from theft.
From 1772, being caught armed on the road was a capital crime.

3 ‘Punishments were harsh in the years c1500 to c1800 because landowners wanted to protect their property.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

burning at the stake
the Waltham Black Act

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of punishments in the years c1500 to c1800. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused punishments to be harsh in the years c1500 to c1800. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of punishments in the years c1500 to c1800. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused punishments to be harsh in the years c1500 to c1800. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of punishments in the years c1500 to c1800. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused punishments to be harsh in the years c1500 to c1800. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of punishments in the years c1500 to c1800. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Punishments for poaching were harsh. Various poaching offences were made punishable by death (capital punishment) – for example, under the 1723 Waltham Black Act. Laws against poaching aimed to protect the wealthy landowners.
Many crimes added to the Bloody Code related to crimes against property, including various types of theft. These were now considered capital offences, punishable by death.

Points against the statement:

The Reformation created new definitions of heresy, which were punished by burning at the stake as a way to deter people from challenging the authority of the Church.
Witchcraft was punished harshly – by hanging – because it was a threat to local communities and Christian beliefs.

8 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which houses of correction in the early modern period were similar to prisons in the nineteenth century. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a similarity between houses of correction in the early modern period and prisons in the nineteenth century.

General information about houses of correction and/or prisons is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of houses of correction in the early modern period and features of prisons in the nineteenth century are analysed to explain a similarity.

Specific information about houses of correction and prisons is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One similarity is the use of hard labour as a punishment, and to teach criminals the value of ‘honest’ work. You then need to give an example from each period; for example:

Vagrants were often forced to do hard labour in houses of correction.
In the late nineteenth century, prisoners often had to turn a crank or work a treadmill under the silent system.

2 Explain why the first police forces were introduced in the nineteenth century. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

the growth of towns and cities
Robert Peel

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the introduction of police forces in the nineteenth century.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why police forces were introduced. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the introduction of police forces in the nineteenth century.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why police forces were introduced. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the introduction of police forces in the nineteenth century.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why police forces were introduced. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the introduction of police forces in the nineteenth century.

Relevant points that could be included

Industrialisation was leading to a rapid growth in towns and cities. Crime rates were increasing, as locally organised, volunteer policing was proving to be inadequate.
Robert Peel set up the Metropolitan Police force, in 1829. This aimed to deter criminals in London by regularly patrolling the streets (known as ‘the beat’), catching criminals, and gathering evidence.
From 1856, the British government required all counties to have a centrally controlled, professional police force.

3 ‘The purpose of punishment in the period c1700–c1900 shifted completely towards rehabilitation.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

the 1823 Gaols Act
abolition of public executions in 1868

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the purpose of punishment in the years c1700–c1900. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to changes in the purpose of punishment in the period c1700–c1900. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the purpose of punishment in the years c1700–c1900. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to changes in the purpose of punishment in the period c1700–c1900. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the purpose of punishment in the years c1700–c1900. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to changes in the purpose of punishment in the period c1700–c1900. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the purpose of punishment in the years c1700–c1900. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

The 1823 Gaols Act marked a shift in the purpose of prisons, from deterrence and retribution towards rehabilitation.
The 1839 Prisons Act, called the separate system, was introduced with the aim of reforming prisoners by keeping them separate from each other and improving their moral character through meaningful work and religious instruction.
Public executions, which had been used as a deterrent, were abolished in 1868. Instead, prison sentences were used to ensure prisoners had a chance of rehabilitation while they served their sentence.

Points against the statement:

Many of the points stated in the 1823 Gaols Act were ignored, because they were only recommendations.
By the 1860s, many people worried that prisons were too lenient and blamed the separate system for an increase in crime.
The 1865 Prisons Act, called the silent system, shifted the purpose of prisons from reforming/rehabilitating prisoners back to retribution and deterrence. Prisoners worked long hours at physical tasks and were often punished (e.g., whipped).

9 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century case studies: Robert Peel and Pentonville Prison

1 Explain one way in which law enforcement in the medieval period was different from law enforcement in the nineteenth century.(4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between medieval law enforcement and nineteenth-century law enforcement.

General information about medieval and/or nineteenth-century law enforcement is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of medieval law enforcement and features of nineteenth-century law enforcement are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about medieval and nineteenth-century law enforcement is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One difference is that different people were responsible for policing. For example, in the medieval period a large amount of law enforcement was done by the local community, in the form of tithings and the hue and cry. In the nineteenth century, professional police officers were introduced.
One difference is that law enforcement became more professional over time. For example, in the medieval period there were parish constables, but they were not paid and no training was provided. In the nineteenth century, police officers were professionals with pay and training.

2 Explain why there were changes to policing in the years c1700–c1900. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

the Fielding brothers
the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of changes to policing in the years c1700–c1900.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why policing changed in the years c1700–c1900. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of changes to policing in the years c1700–c1900.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why policing changed in the years c1700–c1900. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of changes to policing in the years c1700–c1900.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why policing changed in the years c1700–c1900. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of changes to policing in the years c1700–c1900.

Relevant points that could be included

One reason why policing changed was because of the work of individuals. For example, the Fielding brothers introduced the Bow St Runners in the mid-eighteenth century, and Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police in 1829.
One reason why policing changed was because previous law enforcement methods were no longer working. Towns and cities were growing, so community-based methods like tithings were no longer effective.
One reason why policing changed was because of a fear of rising crime. Events like the French Revolution and the Peterloo Massacre made a proper police force seem like the best way forward, leading to the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act.

3 ‘There were no changes to the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

highway robbery
the Tolpuddle Martyrs

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link change and continuity in the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to change and continuity in the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to change and continuity in the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Highway robbery had been a crime since medieval times. It increased in the eighteenth century and decreased in the nineteenth century, but remained a crime throughout the period.
Poaching was a crime in the medieval period (e.g., the Forest Laws), in the early modern period (where it was linked with breaking enclosure laws), and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (e.g., the Waltham Black Act of 1723).

Points against the statement:

In 1799, the first of several Combination Acts were passed, which effectively banned trade unions. In 1834, a group of workers from Tolpuddle were convicted under these laws and sentenced to seven years’ transportation to Australia. There were demonstrations and petitions against the sentence, and trade unions were fully legalised in 1871.
Accusations of witchcraft declined in the eighteenth century and, in 1736, Parliament passed the Witchcraft Act which repealed previous witchcraft laws.

10 Modern Britain: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which attitudes to punishment in the early modern period were different from attitudes to punishment in the nineteenth century.(4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between early modern attitudes to punishment and nineteenth-century attitudes to punishment.

General information about punishments in the early modern and/or nineteenth century is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of attitudes to punishment in the early modern period and in the nineteenth century are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about attitudes to punishment in the early modern period and in the nineteenth century is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One difference is that there was a shift from thinking punishments should be a deterrent to thinking they should also try to rehabilitate criminals. You then need to give an example from each period; for example:

In the early modern period, hanging was used for a large number of crimes.
In the nineteenth century, the separate system was used in prison to teach criminals the value of hard work.

2 Explain why new crimes were defined in the twentieth century. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

decriminalisation of abortion
drink-driving laws

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of definitions of crime in the twentieth century.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why new crimes were defined in the twentieth century. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of definitions of crime in the twentieth century.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why new crimes were defined in the twentieth century. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of definitions of crime in the twentieth century.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why new crimes were defined in the twentieth century. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of definitions of crime in the twentieth century.

Relevant points that could be included

One reason was that attitudes in society changed. For example, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalised (permitted) as increasing numbers of people didn’t think they should be illegal.
One reason was that technology developed, leading the government to pass laws for people’s safety. For example, laws against drink-driving and other car-related crimes were introduced, as well as cyber crimes being defined later in the century.
One reason was the government increasingly saw the need to protect certain citizens. For example, anti-discrimination laws were passed to stop immigrants being treated unfairly, and hate crimes were defined to try to prevent racist and homophobic behaviour.

3 ‘Changing attitudes in society is the most important reason why new crimes were defined from c1900 to the present day.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

You may use the following in your answer:

attitudes towards women
drug-related crime

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of new crimes defined from c1900 to the present day. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused new crimes to be defined in the modern period. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of new crimes defined from c1900 to the present day. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the modern period. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of new crimes defined from c1900 to the present day. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused new crimes to be defined in the modern period. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of new crimes defined from c1900 to the present day. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Changing attitudes in society have led to a greater focus on the rights and status of women. Some anti-discrimination laws have improved women’s rights, including legalised abortion in some circumstances.
Changing attitudes in society have also increased support for the rights of LGBT people, people of ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities. This has led to anti-discrimination laws including definitions of hate crime.

Points against the statement:

Technology is another factor: as cars, computers, and the internet became more widely used, laws against car crimes and cyber crimes were introduced.
Technology has helped to advance the development of new, harmful drugs. Drug-related crimes were first criminalised in 1971 with the Misuse of Drugs Act.
Political developments have influenced what counts as a crime; for example, from the 1970s onwards, terrorism resulted in the British government passing anti-terrorism laws, for example the Anti-terrorism, Crime, and Security Act was introduced in 2001.

11 Modern Britain: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which new definitions of crime in the 1700s were different from new definitions of crime in the 1900s.(4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between new definitions of crime in the 1700s and new definitions of crime in the 1900s.

General information about definitions of crime in the 1700s and/or definitions of crime in the 1900s is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of new definitions of crime in the 1700s and features of new definitions of crime in the 1900s are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about definitions of crime in the 1700s and definitions of crime in the 1900s is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One difference was the influence of an increase in new technology. You then need to give an example from each period; for example:

Different activities relating to poaching were made illegal in the 1700s.
In the 1900s, there were many new definitions of crime related to new technology, such as cyber-crime and car crime.

2 Explain why there were changes to the use of the death penalty in the years c1800–c2000.(12)

You may use the following in your answer:

the Bloody Code
miscarriages of justice

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why the use of the death penalty changed. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of changes to the use of the death penalty.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why the use of the death penalty changed. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of changes to the use of the death penalty.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why the use of the death penalty changed. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of changes to the use of the death penalty.

Relevant points that could be included

The Bloody Code was judged to be no longer effective or necessary by the 1830s. Law enforcement improved with the introduction of police forces, and prison sentences were increasingly used for serious offences.
The purpose of punishment shifted away from deterrent to rehabilitation and reform. This led to the abolition of the Bloody Code, as well as the end of public executions.
Several miscarriages of justice in the mid-twentieth century added weight to arguments against the use of the death penalty, such as the cases of Ruth Ellis and Derek Bentley. The death penalty was last used in the 1960s.

3 ‘The use of technology has resulted in the biggest change in policing since c1900.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)

You may use the following in your answer:

fingerprinting
specialist units

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of policing since c1900. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the significance of technology in changes to policing since c1900. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of policing since c1900. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the significance of technology in changes to policing since c1900. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of policing since c1900. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the significance of technology in changes to policing since c1900. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of policing since c1900. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

Fingerprinting – and later DNA sampling and other forensic science methods – were significant because they allowed police and detectives to identify criminals and resolve cases more effectively.
Improved transport technology, such as cars and helicopters, has made apprehending criminals easier.
Better technology has improved communication: between officers with two-way radios, and across forces with computer databases.
Surveillance equipment such as CCTV and speed cameras have helped police to catch criminals, but also to deter crime.

Points against the statement:

Training and recruitment have also improved. There has been compulsory training for new recruits since the 1940s, with ongoing training provided to improve policing methods. Recruitment now better reflects society, with more women and people of ethnic minorities in the police force (although the numbers are proportionately low for both).
Specialisation has meant that different sections of police forces can tackle specific crimes more effectively, such as dog-handling units and the fraud squad.
More community involvement, such as Neighbourhood Watch, has helped police to monitor and prevent crime.

12 Modern case studies: Conscientious objectors in the First and Second World Wars; Derek Bentley

1 Explain one way in which public attitudes to the Tolpuddle Martyrs were different from public attitudes towards conscientious objectors. (4)

Mark scheme

Level

Marks

Explanation

1–2

The answer contains a simple or generalised comment about a difference between public attitudes to the Tolpuddle Martyrs and public attitudes towards conscientious objectors.

General information about attitudes to the Tolpuddle Martyrs and/or attitudes towards conscientious objectors is included, showing limited knowledge and understanding of the periods.

3–4

Features of attitudes to the Tolpuddle Martyrs and features of attitudes towards conscientious objectors are analysed to explain a difference.

Specific information about public attitudes to the Tolpuddle Martyrs and public attitudes towards conscientious objectors is included to support the comparison, showing good knowledge and understanding of both time periods.

Relevant points that could be included

One difference is the amount of sympathy people had towards the Tolpuddle Martyrs compared with conscientious objectors. You then need to give an example from each group; for example:

The treatment of the Tolpuddle Martyrs by the authorities was generally thought to be far too harsh, with many people protesting against their sentences of transportation to Australia.
Conscientious objectors were often considered to be cowards who put soldiers’ lives at risk, so many received hate mail or were attacked in the street.

2 Explain why conditions in prisons changed between the years c1800 and c2000. (12)

You may use the following in your answer:

Elizabeth Fry
the silent system

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–3	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of conditions in prisons between the years c1800 and c2000.
2	4–6	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to the reasons why conditions in prisons changed. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of conditions in prisons between the years c1800 and c2000.
3	7–9	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to the reasons why conditions in prisons changed. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of conditions in prisons between the years c1800 and c2000.
4	10–12	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to the reasons why conditions in prisons changed. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of conditions in prisons between the years c1800 and c2000.

Relevant points that could be included

Prison reformers had an impact on prison conditions. John Howard campaigned for better food and sanitation and the payment of wardens by the authorities, not the prisoners. Elizabeth Fry argued that women prisoners should be held separately, with female wardens and religious instruction. The ideas of both influenced the creation of the 1823 Gaols Act.
Ideas about the purpose of punishment changed. In the 1830s, the idea of rehabilitation and reform was popular, so the separate system was introduced in 1839. However, by the 1860s, this was considered to be too lenient, so it was replaced with the silent system designed to deter criminals and retribute them for their crimes.
In the twentieth century, rehabilitation was again considered to be the most important purpose of punishment. Open prisons were introduced in 1934, allowing some prisoners out for the day to work. Young offenders were held separately from 1902 onwards – for example, in borstals or detention centres.

3 ‘The end of public executions in 1868 was a turning point in the use of the death penalty in Britain between the years c1800 and c2000.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)

You may use the following in your answer:

the Bloody Code
miscarriages of justice

You must also use information of your own.

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–4	The answer is simple or generalised. It is not developed, and it is poorly organised. The answer contains limited knowledge and understanding of the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. An overall judgement is missing or is given but is not justified.
2	5–8	The answer contains an explanation, but it is limited and does not link to what caused changes in the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. It contains some development and organisation of material, but a clear line of reasoning throughout is missing. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing some knowledge and understanding of the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. An overall judgement is given, and it is justified, but the justification is not explained at all or is poorly explained.
3	9–12	The answer contains an explanation, which shows some analysis and is mainly linked to what caused changes in the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. There is generally a clear line of reasoning throughout, but some passages are not as coherent and organised as they could be. Accurate and relevant information is included, showing good knowledge and understanding of the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. An overall judgement is given and it is justified, but the justification is not fully explained.
4	13–16	The answer contains an analytical explanation, which is linked to what caused changes in the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. There is a clear line of reasoning throughout, and the answer is coherent and well organised. Accurate and relevant information has been chosen to address the question directly, showing a wide-ranging knowledge and understanding of the use of the death penalty between the years c1800 and c2000. An overall judgement is given and the justification for the judgement is fully explained.

Relevant points that could be included

Points in support of the statement:

The end of public executions meant that the death penalty was not solely used as a deterrent. Public executions were abolished partly because the crowds watching them were hard to control, which suggests many people went to see criminals being executed. After 1868, executions took place behind prison walls.

Points against the statement:

The end of the Bloody Code by the 1830s had already significantly reduced the number of capital crimes, and therefore the number of executions.
The end of the death penalty itself was hugely significant. Public attitudes shifted away from support for executions, partly as a result of high-profile miscarriages of justice, such as the cases of Ruth Ellis and Derek Bentley.

13 Historic environment: Living in Whitechapel

1a Describe one feature of life for Irish migrants in Whitechapel in the late nineteenth century.(2)

Mark scheme

You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for accurate supporting information.

An example of a two-mark answer

Many Irish migrants living in Whitechapel in the late nineteenth century were Catholic. (1) They were resented and mistrusted by the existing Protestant population. (1)

1b Describe one feature of life for Jewish migrants in Whitechapel in the late nineteenth century. (2)

Mark scheme

You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for accurate supporting information.

An example of a two-mark answer

Many Jewish migrants living in Whitechapel in the late nineteenth century could not speak English or work on the Sabbath, so work options were limited. (1) As a result, many worked for Jewish tailors in sweatshops. (1)

2a Study Sources A and B.
How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context.(8)

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–2	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources are simple, and comments on the content of the sources and/or their provenance are limited. The sources have been quoted, paraphrased, or described, but a full understanding of what they mean is not demonstrated. The answer contains little contextual knowledge of conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse, and links to the sources are limited.
2	3–5	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for an enquiry into conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse are given, with valid criteria. Judgements are supported by developed comments about the content of the sources and/or their provenance. Some analysis of the sources is used to support the judgements on the usefulness of the sources. The answer uses contextual knowledge of conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse to support comments on the usefulness of the sources.
3	6–8	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for an enquiry into conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse are given, with valid and well-chosen criteria. Judgements take into account how the provenance affects the usefulness of the source. The sources are analysed to support the judgements about their usefulness. The answer uses contextual knowledge of conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse, as part of the process of interpreting the sources and applying valid and well-chosen criteria for judgements on the sources’ usefulness.

An example of a Level 1 answer

Source A shows the layout of a workhouse. It has four different yards for women, men, girls, and boys. Workhouses were horrible places to live in.

Source B talks about a man who went into a workhouse. He was there in 1903.

An example of a Level 2 answer

Source A shows the layout of a workhouse. It has four different yards for women, men, girls, and boys. This is because families were not allowed to stay together. There is also a kitchen, so people in the workhouse were fed. The source was made in the 1830s, which was a few decades before the enquiry but it is still useful.

Source B describes some of the conditions, so it is useful. It tells us that the man going into the workhouse was given bread, but it was hard and cheap. It also tells us that he was given a uniform to wear, which is accurate. Jack London was a journalist, so he was writing about the workhouse to sell newspapers, so his account could be exaggerated.

An example of a Level 3 answer

Source A is useful because it reveals the structure of a workhouse. It shows four different yards: one each for men, women, girls, and boys. This isn’t surprising because we know that families were split up upon entering the workhouse, which helped make the conditions there even more off-putting. We can also see a kitchen, which confirms our understanding of the workhouse inmates being provided with food. However, it does not confirm what kind of food was made there or how often it was given, so the source’s content is only partly useful. The provenance is also useful because it is a plan of a workhouse from the 1830s, which the Whitechapel workhouse was also built to. This suggests that by the time of our enquiry, workhouse buildings were already quite old, which may have made conditions worse. As it is only a plan and not a written description, we have to make inferences to work out what it was actually like to live there, which partly limits its usefulness.

Source B is very useful because it contains a description of the first few hours in the Whitechapel workhouse. The author describes being given bread which is ‘like a brick’ and ‘made very cheaply’. This isn’t surprising because we know that, even though inmates were fed, the cost to the taxpayer had to be kept very low. He also describes being given a shirt which he suspects that ‘many other men had worn’. This confirms our knowledge of inmates having to wear a uniform. Finally, he describes the beds which were narrow and cramped with only a thin canvass for support. All these points suggest conditions were horrible, and confirm our understanding of workhouses being deliberately off-putting to deter people from using them unless they were desperate. The provenance is useful, too. As Jack London was writing in 1903, the end of our enquiry’s time period, it strongly suggests that conditions did not improve over time. However, Jack London was a journalist, so he may have been exaggerating the awfulness of the conditions to sell more copies of his book, as we know that many people in wealthier parts of the country were fascinated by the poverty in Whitechapel.

2b Study Source B.
How could you follow up Source B to find out more about conditions in the Whitechapel workhouse?
In your answer, you must give the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. (4)

Mark scheme

You can award four marks for this question.

One mark for selecting a detail in the source that could form the basis of a follow-up enquiry.
One mark for an appropriate follow-up question.
One mark for identifying an appropriate source to use in a follow-up enquiry.
One mark for an answer that explains how the information it contains could help answer the chosen follow-up question.

An example of a four-mark answer

Detail in Source B that I would follow up: ‘At 6 p.m. the line moved up, and we were admitted in groups of three.’

Question I would ask: How many people entered the workhouse each day, on average?

What type of source I could use: Workhouse records showing the number of admissions.

How this might help answer my question: I could find out the average number of people entering the workhouse each day, which would help me work out how overcrowded it might become. This might have affected how difficult the conditions were.

14 Historic environment: Policing in Whitechapel

1a Describe one feature of policing in Whitechapel in the late nineteenth century. (2)

Mark scheme

You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for accurate supporting information. For example:

Policing in Whitechapel was the task of the H Division of the Metropolitan Police. (1) H Division had around 441 ‘beat’ constables, 19 inspectors, and 44 sergeants. (1)

1b Describe one feature of the techniques available to police investigating the ‘Ripper’ murders in 1888. (2)

Mark scheme

You can award two marks for this question. Award one mark for a valid feature, and one mark for accurate supporting information. For example:

Police were able to photograph crime scenes. (1) Mary Jane Kelly’s room was photographed. (1)

2a Study Sources A and B.
How useful are Sources A and B for an enquiry into the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your knowledge of the historical context.(8)

Mark scheme

Level	Marks	Explanation
1	1–2	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources are simple, and comments on the content of the sources and/or their provenance are limited. The sources have been quoted, paraphrased, or described, but a full understanding of what they mean is not demonstrated. The answer contains little contextual knowledge of the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations, and links to the sources are limited.
2	3–5	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry into the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations are given, with valid criteria. Judgements are supported by developed comments about the content of the sources and/or their provenance. Some analysis of the sources is used to support the judgements on the usefulness of the sources. The answer uses contextual knowledge of the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations to support comments on the usefulness of the sources.
3	6–8	Judgements on the usefulness of the sources for the specific enquiry into the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations are given, with valid and well-chosen criteria. Judgements take into account how the provenance affects the usefulness of the source. The sources are analysed to support the judgements about their usefulness. The answer uses contextual knowledge of the challenges the police faced during the Jack the Ripper murder investigations, as part of the process of interpreting the sources and applying valid and well-chosen criteria for judgements on the sources’ usefulness.

Relevant points that could be included

Source A shows police sketches of suspects in the case, based on descriptions by people who claimed to have witnessed something suspicious. This reflects our knowledge of the investigation being made harder by false or exaggerated statements and hoax letters.
Source A is from a weekly newspaper that focused on crimes. These publications were popular but also highly sensationalised, reflecting huge public interest in the murders and intense scrutiny of the police investigation.
Source B suggests that antisemitic prejudice made the investigation harder, as Sir Charles Warren is so worried about it that he has interfered with evidence.
Source B was written by Sir Charles Warren, the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. He was a very senior officer, suggesting that the investigation into the murders was a high priority for the police.

2b Study Source B.
How would you follow up Source B to find out more about the challenges faced by the police investigating the Jack the Ripper murders?
In your answer, you must give the question you would ask and the type of source you could use. (4)

Mark scheme

You can award four marks for this question.

One mark for selecting a detail in the source that could form the basis of a follow-up enquiry.
One mark for an appropriate follow-up question.
One mark for identifying an appropriate source to use in a follow-up enquiry.
One mark for an answer that explains how the information it contains could help answer the chosen follow-up question.

For example:

Detail in Source B that I would follow up: ‘evidently written with the intention of inflaming the public mind against the Jews.’
Question I would ask: How typical were antisemitic attacks in Whitechapel in 1888?
What type of source I could use: Police records of crimes against Jewish people in the year 1888.
How this might help answer my question: I could make a judgement about the extent of antisemitic prejudice and gain a better understanding of why Sir Charles Warren was so concerned about it during this investigation.

EDEXCEL GCSE HISTORY: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN BRITAIN, C1000-PRESENT | ANSWERS

1 Medieval England: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which activities considered to be crimes in the later medieval period were different from activities considered to be crimes in the early medieval period. (4)

Mark scheme

An example of a Level 1 answer

An example of a Level 2 answer

2 Explain why the Normans created new definitions of crime in medieval England. (12)

Mark scheme

An example of a Level 1 answer

An example of a Level 2 answer

An example of a Level 3 answer

An example of a Level 4 answer

3 ‘The Black Death was the main reason why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

An example of a Level 1 answer

An example of a Level 2 answer

An example of a Level 3 answer

An example of a Level 4 answer

2 Medieval England: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which trials in Anglo-Saxon England were different from trials in Norman England. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why methods of punishment changed during the medieval period. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘The Normans transformed law enforcement and punishment in England.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 Medieval case study: The influence of the Church

1 Explain one way in which law enforcement in the twelfth century was similar to law enforcement in the fifteenth century. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why the Church had a role in law enforcement in medieval England. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘The influence of the Church over law enforcement was just as important as the influence of the monarch.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

4 Early modern England: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which the reasons for defining new crimes in the medieval period was similar to the reasons for defining new crimes in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why vagabondage was seen as a threat in the 1500s. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘The Reformation was the most important reason for new crimes being defined in the 1500s.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

5 Early modern England: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which the aims of punishment in the medieval period were different from the aims of punishment in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why law enforcement was ineffective in the early modern period. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘The main aim of punishments in the years c1000–c1700 was to deter others from committing the same crime.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

6 Early modern case studies: The Gunpowder Plotters and Matthew Hopkins

1 Explain one way in which the punishment for traitors in the medieval period was similar to the punishment for traitors in the early modern period. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why witchcraft accusations increased in the early modern period. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘Religion was the main reason why the definition of crimes changed in the early modern period.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

7 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: Criminal activity

1 Explain one way in which the eleventh-century Forest Laws were similar to eighteenth-century poaching laws. (4)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

2 Explain why rates of highway robbery changed between c1700 and c1900. (12)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

3 ‘Punishments were harsh in the years c1500 to c1800 because landowners wanted to protect their property.’How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

Mark scheme

Relevant points that could be included

8 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: Law enforcement and punishment

1 Explain one way in which houses of correction in the early modern period were similar to prisons in the nineteenth century. (4)

3 ‘The Black Death was the main reason why more crimes were defined during the period c1000–c1500.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The Normans transformed law enforcement and punishment in England.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The influence of the Church over law enforcement was just as important as the influence of the monarch.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The Reformation was the most important reason for new crimes being defined in the 1500s.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The main aim of punishments in the years c1000–c1700 was to deter others from committing the same crime.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘Religion was the main reason why the definition of crimes changed in the early modern period.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘Punishments were harsh in the years c1500 to c1800 because landowners wanted to protect their property.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The purpose of punishment in the period c1700–c1900 shifted completely towards rehabilitation.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘There were no changes to the nature of criminal activity in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘Changing attitudes in society is the most important reason why new crimes were defined from c1900 to the present day.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. (16)

3 ‘The use of technology has resulted in the biggest change in policing since c1900.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)

3 ‘The end of public executions in 1868 was a turning point in the use of the death penalty in Britain between the years c1800 and c2000.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.(16)