Oxford Revise AQA GCSE Combined Science Foundation | Chapter B8 answers

B8: Preventing and treating disease

Question

Answers

Extra information

Mark

AO / Specification reference

01.1

1964

1

AO2

MS4a

4.3.1.7

01.2

380 000

1

AO2

MS4a

4.3.1.7

01.3

virus

1

AO1

4.3.1.2

4.3.1.7

01.4

1968

1

AO3

4.3.1.7

02.1

group of cells working together

1

AO2

4.2.1

02.2

to produce mucus/secretions/sticky fluid

1

AO3

4.3.1.6

02.3

cilium

any two from:

  • waft/move mucus
  • which contains trapped pathogens/microorganisms/dust particles
  • away from the lungs / towards the throat

1

2

AO2

4.3.1.6

02.4

any two from:

  • platelets in blood
  • cause a mesh of fibres/protein strands to form over the wound
  • red blood cells get trapped (in mesh)
  • clot dries to form a scab

credit references to fibrinogen being converted into fibrin

2

AO1

4.3.1.6

03.1

small dose on healthy volunteers – to check for side effects

cells – to find if the drug is toxic

large numbers of patients – to determine the optimum dose

small number of patients – to prove the drug is effective

1 mark for one correct

2 marks for two correct

3 marks for all correct

3

AO1

4.3.1.9

03.2

risk of bias

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

03.3

two sets of volunteers

one group given placebo, other given drug

neither patient nor doctor knows which patients are given which treatment

accept multiple sets of volunteers

accept groups are given different drugs

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.9

03.4

any one from:

  • all patients have access to a course of treatment / so the patient is not denied an existing treatment
  • unethical to deny a patient an existing treatment which would benefit others but not the patient
  • to be able to compare the effectiveness of the new treatment over the existing treatment

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

04.1

pathogen

antibodies

destroy

immune

4

AO1

4.3.1.7

04.2

They are dead or weakened forms of the pathogen

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

04.3

any one from:

  • temperature
  • muscle pain
  • swelling
  • headaches

accept other reasonable side effect

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

05.1

Alexander Fleming

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.2

mould

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.3

measles is a viral infection

antibiotics only kill bacteria / cannot destroy viruses

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

05.4

antibiotics kill specific strains/species of bacteria

more than one type of antibiotic is needed to be able to treat all bacterial infections

accept references to drug resistance

accept other alternatives such as penicillin allergy

1

1

AO2

4.3.1.8

06.1

mucus production in trachea

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

06.2

cut skin – forms a scab to prevent pathogen

nose – internal hairs act as a barrier to pathogen entry

stomach – contains acid to kill pathogens

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

06.3

immune system

1

AO1

4.3.1.6

07.1

antibiotic

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

07.2

(6) → 1 → 5→ 7 → 2→ 4 → (3)

4 marks for full correct sequence

3 marks for three or four correct sentence positions

2 marks for two correct sentence positions

1 mark for one correct sentence position

4

AO1

4.3.1.9

07.3

any one from:

  • mould
  • plants
  • micro-organisms

1

AO3

4.3.1.9

07.4

a placebo is used

neither the patient nor doctor know who receives the placebo and who receives the trial drug

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.9

08.1

it is a virus

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.2

willow tree

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.3

aspirin will treat symptoms of measles

so the child will feel better while the aspirin is acting

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.4

any four from:

  • dead/inactive/weakened pathogen introduced to the body
  • recognised as being foreign by white blood cells / triggers an immune response
  • white blood cells respond produce antibodies
  • antibodies are specific to pathogen
  • antibodies produced quickly (on reinfection) / rapid response
  • antibodies produced in larger quantities
  • killing the pathogen

4

AO1

4.3.1.8

08.5

the level of infection will increase in the population

as more children will be infected/carry/transfer the disease

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.1

aspirin or paracetamol

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.2

penicillin or amoxicillin

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

09.3

digitalis

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

4.3.1.9

09.4

symptoms

better

pathogens

cure

1

1

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.8

10.1

dead/weakened (tetanus) bacteria

accept tetanus/bacterial antigens

1

AO2

4.3.1.7

10.2

fewer people will get the disease because they are immune

fewer people are carriers of the disease so fewer people will be exposed to the disease

accept correct reference to herd immunity

1

1

AO1

4.3.1.7

10.3

any three from:

  • vaccination triggers an immune response (to a specific pathogen)
  • each pathogen has a specific antigen
  • white blood cells produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen
  • this provides immunity only against that particular pathogen/antigen

3

AO2

4.3.1.7

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